{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:15:16Z","timestamp":1789503316330,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.18CTY013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.18CTY013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to identify the effect of different durations of visual target presentation during ciliary-muscle training on children's kinetic visual acuity (KVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), axial length, and accommodative facility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the ciliary-muscle regulation mechanism, an intervention program involving ciliary-muscle training with different durations of visual target presentation combined with physical education classes was designed. The intervention aimed to determine the effect of different ciliary-muscle training durations on children's visual acuity. A total of 153 children aged 10\u201311 years from a school in Suzhou (a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province, East China) were enrolled as participants in this 32-week intervention study. This study measured the participants' UDVA and KVA before, during (after the 16th week), and after (after the 32nd week) the experimental intervention. The accommodative facility was measured during and after the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 32 weeks of the intervention, the KVA and UDVA of each experimental group were significantly improved (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). A high percentage in the improvement of KVA was observed in the 3-s and 1-s groups (25.53%, 21.74%), and the highest percentage in the improvement of UDVA was observed in the 3-s group (2.96%). Axial length increased significantly in all groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and there was a low percentage increase in the 1-s and 3-s groups (0.82%). The accommodative facility was significantly improved in all experimental groups, with a higher improvement percentage in the 3-s and 1-s groups (3.01% and 2.61%, respectively). After dividing the children in each group according to their visual acuity, the KVA of children in the 1-s group was significantly improved, the UDVA of children with myopia was significantly increased, and the accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia was significantly improved. Moreover, the KVA, UDVA, and accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia in the 3-s group were significantly improved. The KVA of children with emmetropia and the accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia in the 5-s group were also significantly increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In school physical education classes, the 1-s, 3-s, and 5-s ciliary-muscle regulating exercise could effectively improve the kinetic visual acuity, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and accommodative facility of children aged 10\u201311 years. Among them, the effects of the 1-s and 3-s durations are better than that of the 5-s duration, as it can reduce the growth rate of axial length and achieve better effects among children with mild and moderate myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1191112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T02:21:06Z","timestamp":1689733266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of physical activity combined with different visual target presentation durations of ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity in children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Report on Vision."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14242","article-title":"Low physical activity and higher use of screen devices are associated with myopia at the age of 16-17 years in the CCC2000 Eye Study","volume":"98","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.54","article-title":"The short-term influence of exercise on axial length and intraocular pressure","volume":"25","author":"Read","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"40","article-title":"The practical significance and empirical research of physical exercise on the vision health of primary school students","volume":"33","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cap Inst Phys Educ."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Effect of three types of ball playing on kinetic visual acuity for children in junior grades","volume":"25","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Rehab Theory Pract."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.12064\/ssr.20220307","article-title":"Comparison of the degree of improvement of the visual health of sixth grade students by rubber board and sand board table tennis","volume":"43","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.01.001","article-title":"On the control of attentional processes in vision","volume":"137","author":"Tsotsos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0269","article-title":"Dynamics of accommodative facility in myopes","volume":"48","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"77","article-title":"Principles of eye chart design","volume":"2004","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"China Opt Technol Mag."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"134","article-title":"Development and application of a new near-use logarithmic vision chart","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Tianjin Med Univ."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.949130","article-title":"Effect of physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity of children aged 10-11","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107741","article-title":"Prolonged nearwork affects the ciliary muscle morphology","volume":"186","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00135.x","article-title":"The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development: a review","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthal Physiol Opt."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12064\/ssr.20220107","article-title":"Meta-analysis on prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents by physical activity","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-9771.2018.12.025","article-title":"Correlation between static visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity in children and its significance for physical activity","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Rehab Theory Pract."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.047","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness increases with increasing axial myopia","volume":"140","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Applying ICF theory to study the effect of physical activity on adolescent myopia","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Rehab Theory and Pract."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.16099\/j.sus.2020.08.004","article-title":"Vision training: methods and applications to prevent and control low vision in children and adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shanghai Inst Phys Educ."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"2140","article-title":"Eye elongation during accommodation in humans: differences between emmetropes and myopes","volume":"39","author":"Drexler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.014","article-title":"Diminished ciliary muscle movement on accommodation in myopia","volume":"105","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.3.12","article-title":"Axial elongation during short-term accommodation in myopic and nonmyopic children","volume":"63","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e843","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000454","article-title":"The effects of physical exercises on ocular physiology: a review","volume":"25","author":"Wylega\u0142a","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264086.013.276","article-title":"Autonomic regulation of the eye","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience."},{"key":"B24","author":"Sander","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Human Choroid [MSc thesis]."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1191112\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T02:21:19Z","timestamp":1689733279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1191112\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1191112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1191112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"article-number":"1191112"}}