{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:43:30Z","timestamp":1785368610484,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014690","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease are among the most common liver diseases worldwide, and there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments. Recent studies have focused on lifestyle changes to prevent and treat NAFLD. Omega-3 supplementation is associated with improved outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. However, it is unclear whether Omega-3 supplementation can prevent the development of liver disease, particularly in individuals at an increased (genetic) risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this UK Biobank cohort study, we established a multivariate cox proportional hazards model for the risk of incident liver disease during an 11 year follow up time. We adjusted the model for diabetes, prevalent cardiovascular disorders, socioeconomic status, diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, medication intake (insulin, biguanides, statins and aspirin), and baseline characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Omega-3 supplementation reduced the risk of incident liver disease (HR = 0.716; 95% CI: 0.639, 0.802; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 7.6 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>). This protective association was particularly evident for alcoholic liver disease (HR = 0.559; 95% CI: 0.347, 0.833; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 4.3 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>), liver failure (HR = 0.548; 95% CI: 0.343, 0.875; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 1.2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>), and non-alcoholic liver disease (HR = 0.784; 95% CI: 0.650, 0.944; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 1.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). Interestingly, we were able to replicate the association with reduced risk of NAFLD in a subset with liver MRIs (HR = 0.846; 95% CI: 0.777, 0.921; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 1.1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>). In particular, women benefited from Omega-3 supplementation as well as heterozygous allele carriers of the liver-damaging variant PNPLA3 rs738409.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Omega-3 supplementation may reduce the incidence of liver disease. Our study highlights the potential of personalized treatment strategies for individuals at risk of metabolic liver disease. Further evaluation in clinical trials is warranted before Omega-3 can be recommended for the prevention of liver disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1192099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T09:54:04Z","timestamp":1689760444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Omega-3 intake is associated with liver disease protection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mara Sophie","family":"Vell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate Townsend","family":"Creasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Scorletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina Sophie","family":"Seeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonida","family":"Hehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Daphne","family":"Rendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Markus","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin Victoria","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.008","article-title":"A position statement on NAFLD\/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference","volume":"53","author":"Ratziu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs452","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"104","author":"Sahasrabuddhe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0088-6","article-title":"NASH leading cause of liver transplant in women: updated analysis of indications for liver transplant and ethnic and gender variances","author":"Noureddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.04.003","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on hepatic fat and associated cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Pacifico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27289","article-title":"Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from the WELCOME* study","volume":"60","author":"Scorletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020475","article-title":"Effect of fish oil supplementation on hepatic and visceral fat in overweight men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092769","article-title":"Effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-111317-095850","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits","volume":"9","author":"Shahidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Harm","author":"Stockwell","year":"2000"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172921","article-title":"Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort","author":"Wilman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B12","author":"Townsend","year":"1998","journal-title":"Townsend Deprivation Index. 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