{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:34:28Z","timestamp":1782362068331,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The benefits of the human-animal bond on owners\u2019 health and quality of life have been the focus of research in recent decades. However, the results are still inconsistent. Thus, this study aims to investigate whether the presence of a pet, compared to a control group, influences daily physical activity levels and mental health using a meta-analytic method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for all research articles that included pets as an object of study and related mental health and quality of life variables between pet owners and non-owners until April 2022. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was used, and the Downs and Back checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the difference between a group of pet owners and non-pet owners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>An initial search located 11,389 studies, but only 49 studies fulfilled all requirements. Our results indicate that pets have a moderately significant positive effect on the physical activity of owners compared to non-pet owners. Among the moderating variables, the frequency of physical activity showed a highly significant effect, indicating that owners had a higher frequency of physical activity than non-owners. Moreover, our results indicate a significant impact but with a low effect size of pets on owners\u2019 mental health when compared to non-pet owners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pet ownership does not seem to influence owners\u2019 mental health, but it does influence their physical activity. Specifically, owners show a higher frequency of physical activity than non-owners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1196199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T09:17:20Z","timestamp":1685438240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Pet\u2019s influence on humans\u2019 daily physical activity and mental health: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Catarina F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Cortinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Human-animal health interactions: the role of one health","volume":"93","author":"Day","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Foundations and guidelines for animal-assisted interventions","author":"Fine","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02332-9","article-title":"Pet ownership, loneliness, and social isolation: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Kretzler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5188-0","article-title":"Human-animal interaction as a social determinant of health: descriptive findings from the health and retirement study","volume":"18","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200276","article-title":"Expectations for dog ownership: perceived physical, mental and psychosocial health consequences among prospective adopters","volume":"13","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030234","article-title":"Companion animals and child\/adolescent development: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Purewal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-83","article-title":"How might we increase physical activity through dog walking? 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