{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:31:02Z","timestamp":1788607862684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The first step in developing strategies to reduce TB mortality is to identify the direct causes of death in patients with TB and the risk factors for each cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on patients with TB systemically collected from the National Surveillance System of South Korea from January 2019 to December 2020 were included in this study. We analyzed the clinical characteristics associated with TB and non-TB-related deaths, including TB-related symptoms, comorbidities, and radiographic and microbiological findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the total of 12,340 patients with TB, 61% were males with a mean age of 61.3\u2009years. During the follow-up period, the overall mortality rate was 10.6%, with TB-related deaths accounting for 21.3% of all TB deaths. The median survival time in the TB-related death group was 22\u2009days. TB-related death was associated with older age, lower body mass index (BMI), dyspnea, fever, general weakness, bilateral radiographic patterns, and acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive smears. Non-TB-related deaths were associated with older age, male sex, lower BMI, comorbidities of heart, liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, CNS TB involvement, the presence of dyspnea, general weakness, and bilateral radiographic patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with high-risk TB must be identified through cause-specific mortality analysis, and the mortality rate must be reduced through intensive monitoring of patients with a high TB burden and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T02:41:31Z","timestamp":1693536091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Deaths from tuberculosis: differences between tuberculosis-related and non-tuberculosis-related deaths"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yun-Jeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Seuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsoo","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousang","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Hye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bumhee","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Seong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hyun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjin","family":"Jegal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Sang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Kyoung","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"WHO tuberculosis Programme: framework for effective tuberculosis control","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1086\/338784","article-title":"Survival of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: clinical and molecular epidemiologic factors","volume":"34","author":"Oursler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11040816","article-title":"Mortality among tuberculosis patients in the Netherlands in the period 1993-1995","volume":"11","author":"Borgdorff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Resp J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.4.1079","article-title":"Hospitalizations for tuberculosis in the United States in 2000: predictors of in-hospital mortality","volume":"126","author":"Hansel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Korea centers for disease control and prevention. Annual report on the notified tuberculosis in Korea, 2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0352","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors for death in adults during and after tuberculosis treatment","volume":"15","author":"Waitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00131107","article-title":"Risk factors for death among tuberculosis cases: analysis of European surveillance data","volume":"31","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Resp J."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"328","article-title":"Mortality among tuberculosis patients on treatment in Singapore","volume":"13","author":"Low","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"742","article-title":"Tuberculosis-related deaths in Queensland, Australia, 1989\u20131998: characteristics and risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Walpola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0476","article-title":"Development and validation of a tuberculosis prognostic score for smear-positive in-patients in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Horita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077","article-title":"High mortality in adults hospitalized for active tuberculosis in a low HIV prevalence setting","volume":"9","author":"Lui","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209240","article-title":"Comorbidities, mortality and causes of death among patients with tuberculosis in Denmark 1998\u20132010: a nationwide, register-based case\u2013control study","volume":"73","author":"Fl\u00f8e","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240090","article-title":"Factors associated with death in patients with tuberculosis in Brazil: competing risks analysis","volume":"15","author":"Viana","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-95","article-title":"Deaths among tuberculosis cases in Shanghai, China: who is at risk?","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"857","article-title":"Causes of death during tuberculosis treatment in Tomsk oblast, Russia","volume":"10","author":"Mathew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2020.0016","article-title":"Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring under the national public-private mix tuberculosis control project in South Korea 2016\u20132017","volume":"83","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A seventeen-year study of TB diagnosed postmortem in British Columbia, CanadaA5279 MoniruzzamanA ElwoodR WongH KazanjianA FitzGeraldJ American Thoracic Society2009","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_MeetingAbstracts.A5279"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-5","article-title":"Tuberculosis mortality: patient characteristics and causes","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4365-9","article-title":"Clinical profiles of early and tuberculosis-related mortality in South Korea between 2015 and 2017: a cross-sectional 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Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000849","article-title":"Delayed treatment contributes to mortality in ICU patients with severe active pulmonary tuberculosis and acute respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Zahar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"143","article-title":"The effect of smoking on tuberculosis: different patterns and poorer outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"314","article-title":"Hypoadrenalism is not associated with early mortality during tuberculosis treatment in Malawi","volume":"12","author":"Beadsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"113","article-title":"What causes smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi, an area of high HIV seroprevalence?","volume":"5","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207284\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T05:09:36Z","timestamp":1730005776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207284\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207284","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"article-number":"1207284"}}