{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:30:29Z","timestamp":1793298629811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), represent a significant public health concern in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to provide a recent mental health screening prevalence, including anxiety and depression screening in the general public and to explore the associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted, employing a phone interview survey with 6,015 participants, using a quota sampling strategy to ensure equal representation of both sexes and administrative regions. The study assessed the prevalence of MDD and GAD risk and examined demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors associated with these mental health disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The national prevalence of people at risk of MDD and GAD were found to be 12.7 and 12.4%, respectively. Low diagnosis and treatment rates were observed, with only 1.5 and 0.5% of participants currently diagnosed and treated for depression and anxiety, respectively. Risk factors for MDD and GAD included female sex, lower education and income levels, smoking, and waterpipe use. Protective factors included physical activity, participation in volunteering activities and the practice of daily hobbies in the last 30\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relatively high prevalence of MDD and GAD risk and low diagnosis and treatment rates in Saudi Arabia emphasize the need for increased mental health promotion, early detection, and treatment accessibility. The study highlights the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors and fostering protective factors through targeted interventions. Future research should focus on longitudinal associations, potential mediators and moderators, and the development of culturally appropriate and evidence-based interventions to enhance mental health outcomes in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T01:20:27Z","timestamp":1687828827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["National screening for anxiety and depression in Saudi Arabia 2022"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Abdulhameed Abdullah","family":"Alhabeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashed Abdullah","family":"Al-Duraihem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Alasmary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaied","family":"Alkhamaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora A.","family":"Althumiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser F.","family":"BinDhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00001421","article-title":"The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO world mental health (WMH) surveys","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00505-2","article-title":"Estimating the true global burden of mental illness","volume":"3","author":"Vigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.188078","article-title":"Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries","volume":"210","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301056","article-title":"Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs","volume":"103","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"858","article-title":"The treatment gap in mental health care","volume":"82","author":"Kohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60879-5","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis","volume":"374","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000129","article-title":"What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies","volume":"45","author":"Clement","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X","article-title":"The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development","volume":"392","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S48782","article-title":"Mental health system in Saudi Arabia: an overview","volume":"9","author":"Qureshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2017.10","article-title":"Mental health law in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Carlisle","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJPsych Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875642","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1875642","article-title":"Saudi Arabia mental health surveillance system (MHSS): mental health trends amid COVID-19 and comparison with pre-COVID-19 trends","volume":"12","author":"BinDhim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-190","article-title":"Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: prevalence, instrument and cost","volume":"14","author":"Al-Qadhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23748","DOI":"10.2196\/23748","article-title":"A mental health surveillance system for the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: protocol for a multiwave cross-sectional survey study","volume":"9","author":"BinDhim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23965","DOI":"10.2196\/23965","article-title":"Consistency and sensitivity evaluation of the Saudi Arabia mental health surveillance system (MHSS): hypothesis generation and testing","volume":"6","author":"Althumiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"ref16","year":""},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2190\/XTDD-8L18-P9E0-JYRV","article-title":"Screening for somatization and depression in Saudi Arabia: a validation study of the PHQ in primary care","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"509","volume-title":"The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5726","article-title":"Does a mobile phone depression-screening app motivate mobile phone users with high depressive symptoms to seek a health care professional\u2019s help?","volume":"18","author":"BinDhim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1368","article-title":"Depression screening using the patient health Questionnaire-9 administered on a touch screen computer. Psycho-oncology: journal of the psychological, social and behavioral dimensions of","volume":"18","author":"Fann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0155-1","article-title":"An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of patient health questionnaire in a Saudi sample","volume":"16","author":"AlHadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States","volume":"60","author":"Reeves","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"203","article-title":"Gender-specific differences in depression and anxiety symptoms and help-seeking behavior among gastroenterology patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Alosaimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.030","article-title":"Adaptation and initial validation of the patient health questionnaire\u20139 (PHQ-9) and the generalized anxiety disorder\u20137 questionnaire (GAD-7) in an Arabic speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample","volume":"239","author":"Sawaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110829","article-title":"Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis","volume":"184","author":"Manea","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Physical activity and adults","year":""},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Survey methodology","author":"Groves","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"11","volume-title":"World population prospects 2019: Highlights","author":"Desa","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1831","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1831","article-title":"Twelve-month prevalence and severity of mental disorders in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey","volume":"29","author":"Altwaijri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders (ESEMeD) project","volume":"109","author":"Investigators","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","article-title":"Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys","volume":"66","author":"Seedat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0969-9","article-title":"Social determinants of mental health: where we are and where we need to go","volume":"20","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Lorant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60368-7","article-title":"Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge","volume":"369","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women","volume":"110","author":"Steptoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_724_19","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of antenatal depression among women attending antenatal clinics in primary health care centers in the Ministry of Health in Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Al-Hejji","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00025-4","article-title":"Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups","volume":"56","author":"Musick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.676","article-title":"Social relationships and health","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref45","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100100","article-title":"Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ekers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"485","article-title":"Testing 9 hypotheses about quota sampling","volume":"32","author":"Marsh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mark Res Soc"},{"key":"ref50","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T01:20:35Z","timestamp":1687828835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"article-number":"1213851"}}