{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:36:40Z","timestamp":1791664600631,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009625","name":"Beijing Social Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21JYB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JYB010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the prevalence of anxiety and depression\u2014along with the potential risk and protective factors\u2014among Chinese prison officers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional survey of 1,268 officers from five prisons in western and southern China was administered between June and July 2022. The questionnaires comprised two sections. In the first section, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression, respectively, among prison officers. In the second section, the potential influencing factors were examined. Categorical data were compared using \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> tests and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests; binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression among the prison officers were 72.6% and 69.8%, respectively. Risk factors for anxiety were older age, being unmarried, work\u2013family conflicts, job demands, and COVID-19 burnout; protective factors were exercise, positive family relationships, and group cohesion. Work\u2013family conflicts, job demands, intolerance of uncertainty regarding COVID-19, and COVID-19 burnout were risk factors for depression, whereas annual income &amp;gt;150,000 RMB, exercise, positive family relationships, group cohesion, and job autonomy were protective factors against depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of anxiety and depression among Chinese prison officers was relatively high during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, and more targeted measures should be implemented to improve their mental health. This study offers a reference for improving prison officers\u2019 mental health in response to similar public health emergencies in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1218825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T12:24:05Z","timestamp":1691065445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among Chinese prison officers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuze","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junze","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112915","article-title":"The emotional impact of coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new coronavirus disease)","volume":"287","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-021-09345-4","article-title":"Administrative governance and frontline officers in the Chinese prison system during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Criminol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30164-3","article-title":"COVID-19: digital equivalence of health care in English prisons","volume":"2","author":"Edge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.05.002","article-title":"Mental health care in French correctional facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Fovet","year":"2020","journal-title":"L'Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528","article-title":"COVID-19 cases and deaths in federal and state prisons","volume":"324","author":"Saloner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1822973","article-title":"Lock unlock: the impact of COVID-19 on health security in Pakistani and Indian prisons","volume":"15","author":"Dmello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vict Offenders"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02864-x","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic-knowledge, perception, anxiety and depression among frontline doctors of Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.32604\/IJMHP.2020.011097","article-title":"Mental status and psychological needs of Chinese police officers in a highly Impacted City during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Promot"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601791","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.601791","article-title":"Mental health outcomes among civil servants aiding in coronavirus disease 2019 control","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15346-5_9","article-title":"Mental health of quarantine and isolation","volume-title":"Psychiatry of pandemics: A mental health response to infection outbreak","author":"Huremovi\u0107","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100565","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100565","article-title":"Isolation and mental health: challenges and experiences from China. Gen","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3528","article-title":"The effects of compulsory isolation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: the example of prison workers","volume":"37","author":"Ayhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113172","article-title":"Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health","volume":"290","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077739","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1077739","article-title":"Influence mechanism and impacting boundary of workplace isolation on the employee's negative behaviors","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-04-2022-0190","article-title":"Workplace isolation during COVID-19 and work\u2013family conflict among academicians: interplay of psychological stress and organizational identification","author":"Shagirbasha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Manpow"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1050","article-title":"Psychosocial work environment and mental health--a meta-analytic review","volume":"32","author":"Stansfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320933260","article-title":"Sport and exercise during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061583","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey","volume":"12","author":"Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.01.072","article-title":"Work functioning in persons with depression and anxiety disorders: the role of specific psychopathological characteristics","volume":"125","author":"Plaisier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01347-1","article-title":"Risk factors for suicide in later life","volume":"52","author":"Conwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00086-X","article-title":"Anxiety measures and their relationship to adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior","volume":"16","author":"Valentiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03679-0","article-title":"Mental health status among prison officers in the process of enforcing the law during COVID-19 epidemic: a cross-sectional survey from China","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767385","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.767385","article-title":"Mental health of staff at correctional facilities in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Burhanullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1353\/bsp.2015.0001","article-title":"Workplace stressors & health outcomes: health policy for the workplace","volume":"1","author":"Goh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Sci Policy"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020255","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of stress management at work: effects of the changes in perceived stress reactivity on mental health and sleep problems seven years later","volume":"15","author":"Herr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.12.007","article-title":"The neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action","volume":"37","author":"Willner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000517460","article-title":"The impact of stress on health in childhood and adolescence in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"96","author":"Cianfarani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25338","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25338","article-title":"Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Southwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20","article-title":"Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004432","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK household longitudinal study","volume":"52","author":"Daly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Appraisal, and coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsiml.2020.100013","article-title":"Caring for persons in detention suffering with mental illness during the Covid-19 outbreak","volume":"1","author":"Liebrenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Mind Law"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-91","article-title":"Standardization of a screening instrument (PHQ-15) for somatization syndromes in the general population","volume":"13","author":"Kocalevent","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00004","article-title":"The antidepressive effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"Rethorst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1998.1661","article-title":"The role of social support in the process of work stress: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Viswesvaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2008-4674","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic related long-term chronic impacts on psychological health of perinatal women in China","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S408792","article-title":"The Association of Experienced Long Working Hours and Depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Chinese medical residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.4.400","article-title":"Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales","volume":"81","author":"Netemeyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101717","article-title":"Working on local time: testing the job-demand-control-support model of stress with jail officers","volume":"70","author":"Ellison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498","article-title":"Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign","volume":"24","author":"Karasek","year":"1979","journal-title":"Admin Sci Q"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"13","article-title":"Het meten van psychosociale arbeidsbelasting met een vragenlijst: de vragenlijst beleving en beoordeling van de arbeid (VBBA)","author":"Van Veldhoven","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20004","article-title":"Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance","volume":"43","author":"Bakker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/105960118601100305","article-title":"The effects of group cohesion and leader behavior on subordinate satisfaction","volume":"11","author":"Dobbins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Group Organ Stud"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1818885","article-title":"COVID-19 burnout, COVID-19 stress and resilience: initial psychometric properties of COVID-19 burnout scale","volume":"46","author":"Yildirim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084189","article-title":"The impact of intolerance of uncertainty on negative emotions in COVID-19: mediation by pandemic-focused time and moderation by perceived efficacy","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603602","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.603602","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Hayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22705","DOI":"10.2196\/22705","article-title":"Factors influencing depression and mental distress related to COVID-19 among university students in China: online cross-sectional mediation study","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2019.1641765","article-title":"Prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders in correctional officers: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Regehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corrections"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717723825","article-title":"Mental disorder symptoms among public safety personnel in Canada","volume":"63","author":"Carleton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04583-5","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04389-x","article-title":"Healthcare workers' heterogeneous mental-health responses to prolonging COVID-19 pandemic: a full year of monthly follow up in Finland","volume":"22","author":"Rosenstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e061116","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061116","article-title":"Factors associated with poor mental health outcomes in nurses in COVID-19-designated hospitals in the postepidemic period in Guangdong Province: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30482-X","article-title":"Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"8","author":"Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030808","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1030808","article-title":"Mental health among healthcare workers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province in China","volume":"10","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701514","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.701514","article-title":"The relationship between state loneliness and depression among youths during COVID-19 lockdown: coping style as mediator","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012898","article-title":"Seeking professional help: etiology beliefs about mental illness across cultures","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592058","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.592058","article-title":"Mental health of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: a web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"9","author":"Khatun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-007-9194-3","article-title":"Marital status and social well-being: are the married always better off?","volume":"88","author":"Shapiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks035","article-title":"The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010","volume":"23","author":"Gili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89700-8","article-title":"Global prevalence of mental health issues among the general population during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Nochaiwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009609117","article-title":"Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Witteveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.007","article-title":"Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957597","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957597","article-title":"Depression and anxiety of medical students at Kunming Medical University during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32387","DOI":"10.2196\/32387","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on physical activity and its relationship with mental health in a US community sample: cross-sectional, convenience sampling-based online survey","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2003.11.003","article-title":"Exercise and clinical depression: examining two psychological mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Craft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90365-W","article-title":"Social relationships and health: the relative roles of family functioning and social support","volume":"34","author":"Franks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00433.x","article-title":"Compatibility, leisure, and satisfaction in marital relationships","volume":"64","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1391-z","article-title":"Discrimination and support from friends and family members experienced by people with mental health problems: findings from an Australian national survey","volume":"52","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2307\/605890","article-title":"The place of filial piety in ancient China","volume":"118","author":"Holzman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Orient Soc"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/aman.12539","article-title":"Intergenerational intimacy and descending familism in rural North China","volume":"118","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness","volume":"152","author":"Leigh-Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072381","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022170","article-title":"A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations","volume":"16","author":"Amstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.04.008","article-title":"Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: what are the mental health risks?","volume":"46","author":"el-Hage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854810379552","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between social support and job burnout among correctional staff","volume":"37","author":"Lambert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.12.014","article-title":"Professional autonomy and work setting as contributing factors to depression and absenteeism in Canadian nurses","volume":"63","author":"Enns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/job.322","article-title":"Self-determination theory and work motivation","volume":"26","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00720-5","article-title":"Estimating disease severity of omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"22","author":"Sigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1218825\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T12:24:10Z","timestamp":1691065450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1218825\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1218825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1218825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"article-number":"1218825"}}