{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:47:30Z","timestamp":1787755650582,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although socioeconomic vulnerability and lifestyle factors may contribute to the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., no study has investigated indigenous populations in Brazil using the One Health approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accordingly, this study assessed anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. antibodies in Brazilian indigenous people and healthcare professionals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. eggs (feces and hair) in dogs as definitive hosts and in soil samples of the indigenous communities were also recovered and molecularly investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 342\/463 (73.9%) indigenous individuals and 46\/147 (31.3%) non-indigenous healthcare professionals were seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. In addition,\n                      <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs were retrieved from 9\/194 (4.6%) dog fecal samples and 4\/204 (2.0%) dog hair samples, mainly from the Paran\u00e1 State communities (3\/42; 7.1%). Soil contamination was observed only in the Paran\u00e1 State communities (36\/90; 40.0%), with the molecular detection of\n                      <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . River water consumption was also associated with indigenous seropositivity (Odds ratio, 11.4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Indigenous individuals in Paran\u00e1 State communities were 2.72-fold more likely to be seropositive than those in S\u00e3o Paulo State, likely due to a lack of sanitary infrastructure. In this scenario, a primarily soil-transmitted disease may also have become waterborne, with embryonated eggs probably spread to water supplies by rain. Full-time healthcare professionals in daily contact with indigenous communities were 9.2-fold more likely to be seropositive than professionals who visited sporadically, suggesting exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. during their work and raising health concerns. In addition, the findings herein showed a significantly higher seroprevalence in indigenous people than in healthcare workers (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200985.5;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001), likely due to overtime exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. In conclusion, Brazilian indigenous communities are highly exposed to toxocariasis, with poor infrastructure and contact with contaminated river water as associated risk factors and a higher risk of infection in healthcare professionals working full-time in these communities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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Henrique","family":"Farinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Meneguelli","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Teixeira","family":"de Souza Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Pettan-Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana Ang\u00e9lica Zevallos","family":"Lescano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Pires","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise 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