{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:58:18Z","timestamp":1791417498939,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019RC009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RC009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0402-202202-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0402-202202-036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myopia has significantly risen in East and Southeast Asia, and the pathological outcomes of this condition, such as myopic maculopathy and optic neuropathy linked to high myopia, have emerged as leading causes of irreversible vision loss. Addressing this issue requires strategies to reduce myopia prevalence and prevent progression to high myopia. Encouraging outdoor activities for schoolchildren and reducing near-work and screen time can effectively prevent myopia development, offering a safe intervention that promotes healthier habits. Several clinical approaches can be employed to decelerate myopia progression, such as administering low-dose atropine eye drops (0.05%), utilizing orthokeratology lenses, implementing soft contact lenses equipped with myopia control features, and incorporating spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets. When choosing an appropriate strategy, factors such as age, ethnicity, and the rate of myopia progression should be considered. However, some treatments may encounter obstacles such as adverse side effects, high costs, complex procedures, or limited effectiveness. Presently, low-dose atropine (0.05%), soft contact lenses with myopia control features, and orthokeratology lenses appear as promising options for managing myopia. The measures mentioned above are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and researchers are increasingly exploring their combined effects. By advocating for a personalized approach based on individual risk factors and the unique needs of each child, this review aims to contribute to the development of targeted and effective myopia prevention strategies, thereby minimizing the impact of myopia and its related complications among school-aged children in affected regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T03:15:45Z","timestamp":1692155745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Advances in myopia prevention strategies for school-aged children: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Farheen","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Mobeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingdong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139780","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of refractive error in adult life: methodology and findings of the UK biobank study","volume":"10","author":"Cumberland","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004","volume":"126","author":"Vitale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303","article-title":"Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004","volume":"127","author":"Vitale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0010-0","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European eye epidemiology (E3) consortium","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02001.x","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in school-age children in Morocco","volume":"37","author":"Anera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.049","article-title":"Exceptionally low prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment in schoolchildren from Lao People's Democratic Republic","volume":"119","author":"Casson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.632703","article-title":"Refractive error in school children in an urban and rural setting in Cambodia","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2011.02527.x","article-title":"Screening for uncorrected refractive error in secondary school-age students in Fiji","volume":"39","author":"Lindquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3","article-title":"IMI risk factors for myopia","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.035","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing eye study","volume":"113","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population: the Tajimi study","volume":"113","author":"Iwase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.011","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai eye study","volume":"111","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of 16 interventions for myopia control in children: a network Meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004916","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004916.pub3","article-title":"Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children","volume":"1","author":"Walline","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI - interventions myopia institute: interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314752","article-title":"Practice patterns to decrease myopia progression differ among paediatric ophthalmologists around the world","volume":"104","author":"Leshno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3820","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of low-dose atropine Eyedrops for the treatment of myopia progression in Chinese children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.026","article-title":"Use of orthokeratology for the prevention of myopic progression in children: a report by the American Academy of ophthalmology","volume":"126","author":"VanderVeen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011","article-title":"Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13403","article-title":"Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315575","article-title":"Review: myopia control strategies recommendations from the 2018 WHO\/IAPB\/BHVI meeting on myopia","volume":"104","author":"Ang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.024","article-title":"Time outdoors in reducing myopia: a school-based cluster randomized trial with objective monitoring of outdoor time and light intensity","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3542","article-title":"Effect of text messaging parents of school-aged children on outdoor time to control myopia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030006051989386","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519893866","article-title":"Protective effects of increased outdoor time against myopia: a review","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000501937","article-title":"Significance of outdoor time for myopia prevention: a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","volume":"104","author":"Lingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"332","article-title":"Nearwork in early-onset myopia","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804","article-title":"Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419","article-title":"The association between near work activities and myopia in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00135-7","article-title":"Association between digital smart device use and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Foreman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.105","article-title":"Associations between near work, outdoor activity, and myopia among adolescent students in rural China: the Xichang pediatric refractive error study report no. 2","volume":"127","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105988","article-title":"The impact of computer use on myopia development in childhood: the generation R study","volume":"132","author":"Enthoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15043","article-title":"A systematic review of near work and myopia: measurement, relationships, mechanisms and clinical corollaries","volume":"100","author":"Gajjar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13092","article-title":"Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia","volume":"104","author":"Mccrann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182198792","article-title":"Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones","volume":"88","author":"Bababekova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319307","article-title":"Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based prospective study","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e234080","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.4080","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in children before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.034","article-title":"Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk for a further myopia boom?","volume":"223","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13155-3","article-title":"Screen time and health issues in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30318-3","article-title":"Chinese national policy initiative for the management of childhood myopia","volume":"2","author":"Jan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02884.x","article-title":"Full correction and Undercorrection of myopia evaluation trial: design and baseline data of a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12978","article-title":"Role of un-correction, under-correction and over-correction of myopia as a strategy for slowing myopic progression","volume":"103","author":"Logan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00258-4","article-title":"Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression","volume":"42","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7623","article-title":"Effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopia progression in children: three-year results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.12.002","article-title":"The adaptation and acceptance of defocus incorporated multiple segment Lens for Chinese children","volume":"211","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.035","article-title":"Effect of dual-focus soft contact lens wear on axial myopia progression in children","volume":"118","author":"Anstice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914","article-title":"Defocus incorporated soft contact (DISC) lens slows myopia progression in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101748","article-title":"A comparison of vision-related quality of life between defocus incorporated soft contact (DISC) lenses and single-vision spectacles in Chinese children","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.08.011","article-title":"The safety of orthokeratology in myopic children and analysis of related factors","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318367","article-title":"One-year myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets","volume":"106","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.104","article-title":"Myopia, spectacle wear, and risk of bicycle accidents among rural Chinese secondary school students: the Xichang pediatric refractive error study report no. 7","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210408-02","article-title":"Multifocal spectacle and Monovision treatment of presbyopia and falls in the elderly","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001410","article-title":"A 3-year randomized clinical trial of MiSight lenses for myopia control","volume":"96","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9362","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7260","article-title":"Decrease in rate of myopia progression with a contact lens designed to reduce relative peripheral hyperopia: one-year results","volume":"52","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10834","article-title":"Effect of high add power, medium add power, or single-vision contact lenses on myopia progression in children: the BLINK randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7018","article-title":"Age and other risk factors for corneal infiltrative and inflammatory events in young soft contact lens wearers from the contact Lens assessment in youth (CLAY) study","volume":"52","author":"Chalmers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e346","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14283","article-title":"Safety of soft contact lenses in children: retrospective review of six randomized controlled trials of myopia control","volume":"98","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.11.011","article-title":"Ocular health of children wearing daily disposable contact lenses over a 6-year period","volume":"44","author":"Woods","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000164","article-title":"Age, behavior, environment, and health factors in the soft contact lens risk survey","volume":"91","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.028","article-title":"Myopia control during orthokeratology lens wear in children using a novel study design","volume":"122","author":"Swarbrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7077","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565","article-title":"Retardation of myopia in orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12527","article-title":"Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study)","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318293657d","article-title":"High myopia-partial reduction ortho-k: a 2-year randomized study","volume":"90","author":"Charm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20594","article-title":"Protective role of orthokeratology in reducing risk of rapid axial elongation: a reanalysis of data from the ROMIO and TO-SEE studies","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.12.1760","article-title":"A randomized trial of the effects of rigid contact lenses on myopia progression","volume":"122","author":"Walline","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00106-5","article-title":"A randomized trial of rigid gas permeable contact lenses to reduce progression of children's myopia","volume":"136","author":"Katz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31829cac92","article-title":"The risk of microbial keratitis with overnight corneal reshaping lenses","volume":"90","author":"Bullimore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14911","article-title":"Control of myopia using orthokeratology lenses in Scandinavian children aged 6 to 12 years. Eighteen-month data from the Danish randomized study: clinical study of near-sightedness; TReatment with orthokeratology lenses (CONTROL study)","volume":"100","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12834","article-title":"One-year results of the variation of orthokeratology Lens treatment zone (VOLTZ) study: a prospective randomised clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.013","article-title":"Pediatric microbial keratitis in Taiwan: clinical and microbiological profiles, 1998-2002 versus 2008-2012","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001078","article-title":"The safety of soft contact lenses in children","volume":"94","author":"Bullimore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.002","article-title":"The incidence of contact lens-related microbial keratitis in Australia","volume":"115","author":"Stapleton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.062","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia","volume":"113","author":"Chua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.10.020","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: effect on myopia progression after cessation of atropine","volume":"116","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01% doses (atropine for the treatment of myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029","article-title":"Low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05, 0.025, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control","volume":"126","author":"Yam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of low-concentration atropine Eyedrops vs placebo on myopia incidence in children: the LAMP2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Yam","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.002","article-title":"Three-year clinical trial of low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: continued versus washout: phase 3 report","volume":"129","author":"Yam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.016","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 8 atropine concentrations for myopia control in children: a network meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1987.tb01004.x","article-title":"A review of the uses and adverse effects of topical administration of atropine","volume":"7","author":"North","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3368\/aoj.57.1.99","article-title":"Pediatric eye disease investigator group amblyopia treatment review","volume":"57","author":"Rees","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Orthopt J"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.376","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in a multiethnic Asian cohort","volume":"130","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23696","article-title":"Increased axial length corresponds to decreased retinal light dose: a parsimonious explanation for decreasing AMD risk in myopia","volume":"59","author":"Quigley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02635-0","article-title":"Combination of orthokeratology lens with 0.01% atropine in slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281816","article-title":"A comparison of myopia control in European children and adolescents with defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacles, atropine, and combined DIMS\/atropine","volume":"18","author":"Nucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001884","article-title":"Effect of combining 0.01% atropine with soft multifocal contact lenses on myopia progression in children","volume":"99","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69710-8","article-title":"Efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25599-z","article-title":"Synergistic effects of defocus-incorporated multiple segments and atropine in slowing the progression of myopia","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bjophthalmol-2022-321272","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321272","article-title":"Effect of atropine, orthokeratology and combined treatments for myopia control: a 2-year stratified randomised clinical trial","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001367","article-title":"Myopia control: why each diopter matters","volume":"96","author":"Bullimore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0716","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the impact of parental myopia: findings from a population-based study of 12-year-old Australian children","volume":"48","author":"Ip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181940719","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in urban and rural children in mainland China","volume":"86","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Mi\u2013Mii","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25983","article-title":"Myopia \u2013 a 21st century public health issue","volume":"60","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.086","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia among primary students in rural and urban regions of Beijing","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13603","article-title":"Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children","volume":"96","author":"Tideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3451","article-title":"Association of age at myopia onset with risk of high myopia in adulthood in a 12-year follow-up of a Chinese cohort","volume":"138","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200201000-00012","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation","volume":"79","author":"Fulk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00022","article-title":"Reserve your judgment on \"draconian\" Chinese video gaming restrictions on children. Commentary on: draconian policy measures are unlikely to prevent disordered gaming (colder Carras et al., 2021)","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M132","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25955","article-title":"IMI \u2013 clinical myopia control trials and instrumentation report","volume":"60","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226438\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T03:15:50Z","timestamp":1692155750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226438\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"article-number":"1226438"}}