{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:55:13Z","timestamp":1793332513496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In its most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the American Psychological Association recognized that internet gaming disorder is a psychological condition and provides nine criteria for its diagnosis, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, short form (IGDS-SF9) was developed to assess individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and investigate the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of IGDS-SF9.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A five-stage translation and verification process produced an Arabic version of IGDS-SF9, and a study was conducted using a sample of 410 respondents (45.6% females, mean age\u2009=\u200917.6, SD\u2009=\u20091.56) to assess its psychometric properties. Respondents completed the Arabic version, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, as well as a demographic survey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance, item response theory, convergent, concurrent, criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability and test\u2013retest reliability were employed to validate the scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exploratory factor analysis suggested the scale\u2019s unidimensional structure; the confirmatory factor analysis exhibited good model fit and factor loadings. Measurement invariance, and concurrent, convergent, and criterion validity were established, resulting in good internal consistency and test\u2013retest reliability for the scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Arabic version of IGDS-SF9 is a valid and reliable measure for research and diagnosis in Arabic-speaking countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T13:17:05Z","timestamp":1699535825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Factor structure and psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, short form (IGDS-SF9)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mogeda El Sayed","family":"El Keshky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tmader","family":"Alballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Media and entertainment: Video games sector","year":""},{"key":"ref2","author":"Sherer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Internet gaming. American psychiatric association"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1414","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2706","article-title":"Video-gaming among high school students: health correlates, gender differences, and problematic gaming","volume":"126","author":"Desai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x","article-title":"Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study: research article","volume":"20","author":"Gentile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12016","article-title":"Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults","volume":"108","author":"Festl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9592-8","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of video game addiction: a study based on a national representative sample of gamers","volume":"14","author":"Wittek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Addict"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1353","article-title":"Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study","volume":"127","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.317","article-title":"Psychological motives and online games addiction: a test of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2006","journal-title":"CyberPsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.031","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Chinese internet gaming disorder scale","volume":"74","author":"Sigerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci2030347","article-title":"Internet and gaming addiction: A systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies","volume":"2","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000335662","article-title":"Co-occurrence of addictive behaviours: personality factors related to substance use, gambling and computer gaming","volume":"18","author":"Walther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0229","article-title":"Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Mehroof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21487","article-title":"Virtually justifiable homicide: the effects of prosocial contexts on the link between violent video games, aggression, and prosocial and hostile cognition","volume":"39","author":"Gitter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCBPL.304903","article-title":"Brain activity and aggressive behavior of online gamers","volume":"12","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-20","article-title":"Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with internet gaming addiction revealed by a go\/no-go fMRI study","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.08.001","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the effects of internet use and videogame playing on academic performance and the roles of gender, race and income in these relationships","volume":"27","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.015","article-title":"Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming","volume":"27","author":"Lemmens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0091","article-title":"Daily violent video game playing and depression in preadolescent youth","volume":"17","author":"Tortolero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.029","article-title":"Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity","volume":"68","author":"Bargeron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2008.0327","article-title":"Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic internet use: the relationship between internet use and psychological well-being","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"CyberPsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-009-1198-3","article-title":"Computer game playing: clinical characteristics of dependence and abuse among adolescents","volume":"121","author":"Batthy\u00e1ny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204012460874","article-title":"Violent video games, delinquency, and youth violence: new evidence","volume":"11","author":"Delisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juvenile Justice"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.006","article-title":"Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: development and validation of a short psychometric scale","volume":"45","author":"Pontes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.08.013","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale\u2013short-form (IGDS9-SF) between the United States of America, India and the United Kingdom","volume":"257","author":"Pontes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9786-3","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale\u2013short-form (IGDS9-SF) between Australia, the USA, and the UK","volume":"16","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Addict"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-018-9610-7","article-title":"Psychometric testing of three Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among Hong Kong university students","volume":"90","author":"Yam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.027","article-title":"Addictive behaviors measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), and internet Ga","volume":"101","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-9925-5","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale (IGDS9-SF) across Albania, USA, UK, and Italy","volume":"17","author":"De Palo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.025","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item internet gaming disorder scale \u2013 short form: does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2018.06.004","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of the internet gaming disorder diagnostic criteria: an item response theory study","volume":"8","author":"Schivinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101691","article-title":"Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming \u2013 a psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks","volume":"8","author":"Montag","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051562","article-title":"Spanish validation of the internet gaming disorder scale \u2013 short form (IGDS9 \u2013 SF): prevalence and relationship with online gambling and quality of life","volume":"17","author":"Beranuy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0227","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the nine-item Korean internet gaming disorder scale: short form","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-00668-6","article-title":"Validation of a translated internet gaming disorder scale (short form) and measurement invariance across sex groups in Malaysian samples","volume":"39","author":"T\u2019ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.042","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder among Slovenian primary schoolchildren: findings from a nationally representative sample of adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Pontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.15805\/addicta.2019.6.1.0027","article-title":"Adapting the short form of the internet gaming disorder scale into Turkish: validity and reliability","volume":"5","author":"Ar\u0131cak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addicta Turk J Addict"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12457","article-title":"An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach","volume":"109","author":"Petry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XME.0000526696.50303","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder scale: Arabic version validation","volume":"25","author":"Baiumy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056936","article-title":"Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS)","volume":"8","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9787-2","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS)","volume":"16","author":"Csibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Addict"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_43_17","article-title":"Development and validation of Arabic version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"11","author":"Terkawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107335","article-title":"Adaptation and psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) in the context of Saudi Arabia","volume":"131","author":"El Sayed El Keshky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development environment for R","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Using the psych package to generate and test structural models","author":"Revelle","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"lavaanPlot 0.5.1","author":"Lishinski","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","article-title":"A checklist for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Van de Schoot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/014662169501900105","article-title":"Item response theory for scores on tests including polytomous items with ordered responses","volume":"19","author":"Thissen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v017.i05","article-title":"Itm: an R package for latent variable modeling and item response theory analyses","volume":"17","author":"Rizopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-017-0281-3","article-title":"Outcome of the psychological intervention program: internet use for youth","volume":"36","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ration \u2013 Emot Cogn \u2013 Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0072","article-title":"A healthy mind for problematic internet use","volume":"21","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106392","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Chinese version internet gaming disorder scale","volume":"106","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031095","article-title":"Validity and psychometric properties of the internet gaming disorder scale in three large independent samples of children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Paschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26821","DOI":"10.2196\/26821","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the internet gaming disorder scale-short-form (IGDS9-SF): systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Poon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000062","article-title":"The internet gaming disorder scale","volume":"27","author":"Lemmens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0345","article-title":"Confirmation of the three-factor model of problematic internet use on off-line adolescent and adult samples","volume":"14","author":"Koronczai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.008","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan","volume":"53","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12849","article-title":"Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample","volume":"110","author":"Rehbein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1493887","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231550\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T08:46:07Z","timestamp":1735548367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231550\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"article-number":"1231550"}}