{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:12:04Z","timestamp":1780085524888,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sexual minorities\u2014individuals who identify as gay\/lesbian, bisexual, or other non-heterosexual individuals\u2014experience higher rates of food insecurity (FI) compared to heterosexual individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, discrimination and structural racism, which are known risk factors for food insecurity, were perpetuated against sexual and racial\/ethnic minorities. However, to our knowledge, a nationally representative analysis of the impact of the pandemic on food insecurity by sexual minority status and based on race\/ethnicity is missing. We aimed to determine the degree of association between FI and sexual minority adults overall, before (2019) and during (2020\u20132021) the pandemic, and stratified by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used nationally representative data from the 2019\u20132021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We specified multivariable logistic regression models to determine the association between FI and identifying as a sexual minority adult (\u226518\u2009years old), including gay\/lesbian, bisexual, and other non-heterosexual individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we only observed FI disparities between bisexuals and heterosexuals (aOR 1.61 [95% CI 1.31\u20131.99]). Stratified by year, this association was significant only during the pandemic. Stratified by race\/ethnicity, non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black individuals identifying as bisexual also experienced a significantly higher FI rate than their heterosexual counterparts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results may be a manifestation of the disproportionate impact of discrimination on bisexual individuals\u2019 FI experiences. With the growing number of legislative bills targeting the rights of sexual minorities, we expect to see a higher burden of FI among bisexuals, particularly, bisexual people of color. Future intersectional research regarding FI among bisexual and racial\/ethnic minority individuals would further elucidate how membership in multiple minority groups may contribute to a higher risk of FI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1237091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T18:23:27Z","timestamp":1691432607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Disparities in food insecurity between sexual minority and heterosexual adults \u2013 a higher burden on bisexual individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nasser","family":"Sharareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bybee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Seligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Household Food Security in the United States in 2021","author":"Coleman-Jensen","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-00991-2","article-title":"Food insecurity, and CVD risk in sexual and gender minority adults","volume":"24","author":"Caceres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.01.007","article-title":"Prevalence of social determinants of health among sexual minority women and men in 2017","volume":"59","author":"Downing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab290","article-title":"Sexual orientation\u2013based disparities in food security among adults in the United States: results from the 2003\u20132016 NHANES","volume":"114","author":"Gibb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09261-9","article-title":"Sexual orientation disparities in food insecurity and food assistance use in US adult women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005\u20132014","volume":"20","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100655","article-title":"Disparities in food insecurity at the intersection of race and sexual orientation: a population-based study of adult women in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Populat Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13391-7","article-title":"Food insecurity and SNAP use among sexual minority people: analysis of a population-based sample from National Health Interview Survey, 2017","volume":"22","author":"Jabson Tree","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060221080242","article-title":"Association between perceived discrimination and food insecurity among sexual minority men","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020005157","article-title":"Sexual orientation and food insecurity: findings from the New York City Community Health Survey","volume":"24","author":"Testa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Rural LGBTQ+ Americans Face Health Disparities","author":"Henning-Smith","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100113","article-title":"Food insecurity disparities among immigrants in the United States. 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