{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:06:01Z","timestamp":1789707961309,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor mental health, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has been reported after female genital cutting (FGC). However, data documenting adverse consequences of FGC have insufficiently considered confounding factors, such as other traumatising events. Here, we examined the extent to which FGC versus other serious life events disturbed Gambian girls subjected to FGC. We additionally assessed the prevalence of PTSD and the extent to which it was attributed to FGC versus other serious life events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study with a community-based sample of 12\u2009years-old Gambian girls who had been subjected to FGC (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009125). Using structured interviews, we assessed serious life events and probable PTSD related to the event that the girls cited as bothering them the most.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most of the girls reported several serious life events in addition to FGC, such as witnessing violence, experiencing violence or assaults, death of a close relative, and being exposed to natural disasters or serious accidents, for an average 4.5 events per girl. Around one-sixth of the girls (16.8%) stated that FGC was the event that currently bothered them the most, whereas the majority (75.2%) emphasised other experiences. The girls who said they were most troubled by other events reported more impaired daily functioning than those most bothered by FGC. Overall, we found a prevalence of probable PTSD of 19.2%. Of 24 PTSD cases, one was attributed to the experience of FGC, and the remaining 23 were attributed to other events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that FGC is less important than other serious life events in explaining high rates of PTSD in Gambian girls. Associations established in the field between FGC and adverse mental health must be interpreted with caution because girls who have undergone FGC may be severely exposed to other traumatising events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1242270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T07:29:17Z","timestamp":1697527757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serious life events and associated PTSD in Gambian girls exposed to female genital cutting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Trond","family":"Heir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bothild","family":"Bendiksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabakary","family":"Minteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rex A.","family":"Kuye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger-Lise","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The tale of two practices: an overview of the discourse surrounding genital mutilation","volume":"1","author":"Mawji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health Ann Rev"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2011","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"2019","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-8-26","article-title":"Health consequences of female genital mutilation\/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into action","volume":"8","author":"Kaplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Immediate health consequences of female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C) [internet]. 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