{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:34:20Z","timestamp":1784590460986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of reusable tourniquets is widespread around the world, and reports suggest they may be overused. Several studies have shown that reusable tourniquets can affect the spread of pathogens between patients. Based on available studies, this review aims to analyse the indirect transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens present on blood collection tourniquets, which may spread infectious diseases between patients in daily clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) protocol guidelines. The contents of PubMed, EBSCO (electronic databases), and Scopus were screened. Keywords used in the search included: \u201ctourniquet,\u201d \u201ccross infection,\u201d \u201cnosocomial infection,\u201d \u201c<jats:italic>staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>,\u201d \u201cMRO,\u201d \u201cpathogen,\u201d \u201cinfectious disease,\u201d \u201canti-microbial,\u201d or a combination of these using AND or OR operators. Finally, 13 publications were included. Data were analysed both descriptively and quantitatively by calculating a balanced average for specific synthesized data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportional observation based on the number sampled median was 77. The genus MRSA was the type of bacteria most commonly found: on 12% of all tested tourniquets. The amount of MRSA found on tourniquets was mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD 14.6\u2009\u00b1\u200945.89. A review of studies also revealed the presence of <jats:italic>coagulase-negative staphylococci<\/jats:italic>, grew <jats:italic>Bacillus,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patient safety may be at risk due to elevated contamination rates of reusable tourniquets. The microorganisms responsible for this contamination include a variety of species, the most common being the genus <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>. For this reason, we recommend the use of disposable tourniquets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T02:55:01Z","timestamp":1699930501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reusable tourniquets for blood sampling as a source of multi-resistant organisms\u2013 a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Szymczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"M\u00e5nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wioletta","family":"M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-04975-y","article-title":"Reduced bacterial contamination rates detected on silicone tourniquets compared to conventional tourniquets in clinical routine","volume":"20","author":"Grohmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.22354\/in.v24i2.839","article-title":"Tourniquets used 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cross-infection by tourniquets: a need for effective control practices in Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"Mehmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.03.006","article-title":"Reducing the potential for phlebotomy tourniquets to act as a reservoir for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"63","author":"Leitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.1038","article-title":"Poor hospital infection control practice in Venepuncture and use of tourniquets","volume":"49","author":"Rourke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10333","article-title":"Reusable venesection tourniquets: a potential source of hospital transmission of multiresistant organisms","volume":"195","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v63i1.8627","article-title":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination of phlebotomy tourniquets and faucets","volume":"63","author":"Abeywickrama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.10.010","article-title":"Phlebotomy tourniquets and MRSA","volume":"65","author":"Franklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0194201500072","article-title":"Contamination of tourniquets for peripheral intravenous puncture","volume":"28","author":"Batista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paulista 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both worlds","volume":"33","author":"Kerstain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021361","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92iS2.12190","article-title":"The nursing Management of Tourniquet: the infective risk related to its use","volume":"92","author":"P\u0103dure\u0163","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177415600242","article-title":"Quantifying patient bacterial exposure risk from reusable phlebotomy tourniquets in a New Zealand secondary level hospital","volume":"16","author":"Schauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.505.016","article-title":"Isolation of potentially pathogenic Bacteria from reusable venesection tourniquets in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"5","author":"Kalyani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int 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