{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:55:57Z","timestamp":1788782157497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frailty is a significant problem for older persons since it is linked to a number of unfavorable consequences. According to observational researches, air pollution may raise the risk of frailty. We investigated the causal association between frailty and air pollution (including PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) using Mendelian randomization approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted MR analysis using extensive publically accessible GWAS (genome-wide association studies) summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the primary analysis method. The weighted median model, MR-Egger, simple model, and weighted model approaches were chosen for quality control. The Cochran\u2019s Q test was utilized to evaluate heterogeneity. Pleiotropy is found using the MR-Egger regression test. The MR-PRESSO method was used to recognize outliers. The leave-one-out strategy was used to conduct the sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MR results suggested that PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was statistically significantly associated with frailty [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.33; 95%confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.12\u20131.58, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001] in IVW method. We observed no statistical association between PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>(OR\u2009=\u20091.00, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.79\u20131.28, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.979), PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>(OR\u2009=\u20090.91, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.75\u20131.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.364), nitrogen dioxide (OR\u2009=\u20090.98, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.85\u20131.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.730), nitrogen oxides (OR\u2009=\u20091.15, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.98\u20131.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.086) and frailty. There was no pleiotropy in the results. The sensitivity analysis based on the leave-one-out method showed that the individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) did not affect the robustness of the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current MR investigation shows a causal association between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and frailty. Frailty\u2019s detrimental progression may be slowed down with the help of air pollution prevention and control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1288293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T07:52:33Z","timestamp":1699343553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Causal association between air pollution and frailty: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Haixia","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanshun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangming","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00017-z","article-title":"The 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