{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:29:08Z","timestamp":1753892948858,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory viral infections represent a significant global health burden. Historically, influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus have been the prevalent viruses; however, the landscape shifted with the widespread emergence of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of viral respiratory infections in Jalisco, Mexico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data encompassing individuals with flu-like symptoms from July 2021 to February 2023 was scrutinized for viral diagnosis through PCR multiplex. The effect of social mobility on the increase in respiratory viral diagnosis infection was considered to estimate its impact. Additionally, sequences of respiratory viruses stored in public databases were retrieved to ascertain the phylogenetic classification of previously reported viruses in Mexico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected virus (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095,703; 92.2%), followed by influenza (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009479; 7.78%). These viruses were also found as the most common co-infection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911; 50%), and for those with influenza, a higher incidence of severe disease was reported (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009122; 90.4%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Regarding comorbidities and unhealthy habits, smoking was found to be a risk factor for influenza infection but a protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 (OR\u2009=\u20092.62; IC 95%: 1.66\u20134.13; OR\u2009=\u20090.65; IC 95%: 0.45\u20130.94), respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed a direct correlation between mobility and the prevalence of influenza infection (0.214; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study presents evidence of respiratory virus reemergence and prevalence during the social reactivation, facilitating future preventive measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:23:34Z","timestamp":1704947014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological surveillance of respiratory viruses in Jalisco, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Isaac Murisi","family":"Pedroza-Uribe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natali","family":"Vega Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahtziri Socorro","family":"Carranza-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto Anthony","family":"Venancio-Landeros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavio Patricio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob Jecsan","family":"Zavala-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Ramos-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Viera-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Chagoll\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"year":"2023","key":"ref1"},{"volume-title":"Upper respiratory tract infection","year":"2023","author":"Thomas","key":"ref2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01066-3","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 reduced the incidence of infectious diseases: a controlled interrupted time-series study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00807-9","article-title":"The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity","volume":"21","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30238-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of non-influenza RNA respiratory viruses: data gaps and a growing need for surveillance","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.08.004","article-title":"Collateral benefit of non-pharmacological interventions against COVID-19 to prevent community-acquired pneumonia in Jin-Shan, new Taipei, April to December 2020","volume":"120","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051160","article-title":"Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Principi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142199","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1142199","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory viruses in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in southwestern China","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref11"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref12"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176298","article-title":"Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico","volume":"12","author":"Fernandes-Matano","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149795","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1149795","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, and reinfections in individuals infected with wild-type SARS-CoV-2, Delta, or omicron variants: a comparative study in western Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Pe\u00f1a Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref15"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref18"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.004","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the first year of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Agca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.051","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory viruses in patients with acute respiratory infections during 2009-2018 in southern China","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10644","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010644","article-title":"A comprehensive descriptive epidemiological and clinical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in West-Mexico during COVID-19 pandemic 2020","volume":"18","author":"Viera-Segura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref22"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-116112","article-title":"Common cold -an umbrella term for acute Infections of nose, throat, Larynx and Bronchi","volume":"71","author":"Kardos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"volume-title":"Frecuencia de virus respiratorios y caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas de ni\u00f1os que acuden a un hospital en M\u00e9xico","year":"2010","author":"Wong-Chew","key":"ref24"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1309.070372","article-title":"Precautionary behavior in response to perceived threat of pandemic influenza","volume":"13","author":"Sadique","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105160","article-title":"Lockdown for COVID-19 and its impact on community mobility in India: an analysis of the COVID-19 community mobility reports, 2020","volume":"116","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29957","DOI":"10.2196\/29957","article-title":"Exploring the utility of Google mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: digital epidemiological analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kishore","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/129573","article-title":"Comparison of the clinical differences between COVID-19, SARS, influenza, and the common cold: a systematic literature review","volume":"30","author":"Czubak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2179","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2179","article-title":"Comparison of influenza type a and B with COVID-19: a global systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings","volume":"31","author":"Pormohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2332","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002332","article-title":"Epidemiology, co-Infections, and outcomes of viral pneumonia in adults: an observational cohort study","volume":"94","author":"Crotty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31828ba08c","article-title":"Does respiratory virus coinfection increases the clinical severity of acute respiratory infection among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus?","volume":"32","author":"Harada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010646","article-title":"Clinical outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with rhinovirus and adenovirus in adults-a retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010426","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010426","article-title":"The role of viral coinfections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.08.024","article-title":"Is virus coinfection a predictor of severity in children with viral respiratory infections?","volume":"21","author":"Asner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12741","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory viral coinfections in children","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099392","article-title":"Clinical disease severity of respiratory viral coinfection versus single viral infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Asner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2014.01.018","article-title":"Viral coinfection in childhood respiratory tract infections","volume":"51","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Roig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21108","article-title":"Two-year prospective study of single infections and coinfections by respiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently in infants with acute respiratory disease","volume":"80","author":"Canducci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211727","article-title":"Viral interference between Respiratory viruses","volume":"28","author":"Piret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.08.014","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the occurrence of influenza -systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac090","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity among adults in an integrated healthcare system in California","volume":"25","author":"Young-Wolff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179173X2211147","DOI":"10.1177\/1179173X221114799","article-title":"Effects of smoking on SARS-CoV-2 positivity: a study of a large health system in northern and Central California","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Use Insights"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186581","article-title":"Smoking and COVID-19: adding fuel to the flame","volume":"21","author":"Kashyap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111492","article-title":"Is there a smoker\u2019s paradox in COVID-19?","volume":"26","author":"Usman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02008-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection aggravates cigarette smoke-exposed cell damage in primary human airway epithelia","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121636","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on influenza virus\/host interplay","volume":"10","author":"Chavez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref48"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292614\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:23:37Z","timestamp":1704947017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292614\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"article-number":"1292614"}}