{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1790660187811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Europe faces an elevated risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among people living with HIV (PLWH), contributing to the region\u2019s highest global burden of NAFLD. However, the prevalence of NAFLD across various European countries and regions remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with NAFLD among PLWH across European countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across four databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Data on the prevalence of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis, as well as the associated risk factors, were collected among PLWH in Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-six studies from 13 European nations were included. The prevalence of NAFLD, NASH, and fibrosis were 42% (95%CI 37\u201348), 35% (95%CI 21\u201350) and 13% (95%CI 10\u201315), respectively. Male gender, BMI, waist circumference, Diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ALT, AST, and years on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were found to be risk factors for NAFLD. High BMI and triglycerides were associated with NASH. Patients with high BMI and triglycerides are at increased risk of significant liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high prevalence of NAFLD, NASH, and fibrosis among PLWH in Europe highlights the need for early screening, intervention, and increased research focus on adolescents living with HIV. Furthermore, the significant variations observed between countries and regions underscore the influence of related risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T05:05:34Z","timestamp":1704344734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Regional variation in NAFLD prevalence and risk factors among people living with HIV in Europe: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dachuan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunqin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13386","article-title":"Global inequalities in HIV infection","volume":"26","author":"Challacombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354622a","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"26","author":"De Cock","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h6419","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h6419","article-title":"New cases of HIV in Europe reach highest level since 1980s","volume":"351","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01320-X","article-title":"Hepatitis C","volume":"402","author":"Martinello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01589-x","article-title":"Functional cure for chronic hepatitis B: accessibility, durability, and prognosis","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e617","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00150-9","article-title":"Global HIV control: is the glass half empty or half full?","volume":"10","author":"Nachega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.04.050","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus disease: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"82","author":"Kalra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01978-7","article-title":"Association between HIV infection and hypertension: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies","volume":"19","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu779","article-title":"Diagnosing and managing diabetes in HIV-infected patients: current concepts","volume":"60","author":"Monroe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318198a88a","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among HIV-infected persons","volume":"50","author":"Crum-Cianflone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/589294","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-infected patients referred to a metabolic clinic: prevalence, characteristics, and predictors","volume":"47","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c990ed","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-infected persons: epidemiology and the role of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"53","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13077","article-title":"Editorial: NAFLD in HIV infection \u2013 call for action","volume":"41","author":"Bulteel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.001","article-title":"A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"239","author":"Than","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001235","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current concepts, epidemiology and management strategies","volume":"30","author":"Tomic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"55","article-title":"The Belgian Association for Study of the liver guidance document on the Management of Adult and Paediatric non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"81","author":"Francque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Gastro-Enterol Belg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i16.715","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an expanded review","volume":"9","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170622074007","article-title":"NAFLD-NASH: an under-recognized epidemic","volume":"16","author":"Jennings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/children4060048","article-title":"Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23806","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23806","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: could it be the next medical tsunami?","volume":"14","author":"Bhandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.10.018","article-title":"Expert panel review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"20","author":"Lake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13268","article-title":"Major revision version 11.0 of the European AIDS clinical society guidelines 2021","volume":"23","author":"Ryom","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis in people living with HIV Monoinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001504","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-monoinfection","volume":"31","author":"Maurice","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.011","article-title":"Burden of liver disease in Europe: epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies","volume":"69","author":"Pimpin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214556","article-title":"Race and ethnicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref27","author":"Jin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","article-title":"Transformation related to the angular and the square root","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X17666190809153245","article-title":"Liver fibrosis assessment in a cohort of Greek HIV mono-infected patients by non-invasive biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Androutsakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000206503.01536.11","article-title":"Altered hepatic expression of SREBP-1 and PPAR\u03b3 is associated with liver injury in insulin-resistant lipodystrophic HIV-infected patients","volume":"20","author":"Lemoine","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101116","article-title":"Stratifying the risk of NAFLD in patients with HIV under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)","volume":"40","author":"Bischoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac279","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac279","article-title":"Assessment of noninvasive markers of steatosis and liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-monoinfected patients on stable antiretroviral regimens","volume":"9","author":"Busca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2011.12.009","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus is the major determinant of steatosis and hepatitis C virus of insulin resistance in virus-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22665","article-title":"Liver damage underlying unexplained transaminase elevation in human immunodeficiency virus-1 mono-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"49","author":"Ingiliz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa246","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: the Copenhagen co-morbidity liver study","volume":"222","author":"Kirkegaard-Klitbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz435","article-title":"Natural course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with and without combination antiretroviral therapy-associated Lipodystrophy: a 16-year follow-up study","volume":"70","author":"Lallukka-Br\u00fcck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001587","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and obesity are the cornerstones of liver fibrosis in HIV-monoinfected patients","volume":"31","author":"Lemoine","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E86","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001936","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive markers of steatosis, NASH, and liver fibrosis in HIV-Monoinfected individuals at risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): results from the ECHAM study","volume":"80","author":"Lemoine","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.03.048","article-title":"Screening HIV patients at risk for NAFLD using MRI-PDFF and transient elastography: a European multicenter prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Lemoine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.08.117","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of liver steatosis and fibrosis in unselected patients with HIV mono-infection","volume":"48","author":"Lombardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2017.0141","article-title":"Liver test abnormalities in patients with HIV mono-infection: assessment with simple noninvasive fibrosis markers","volume":"30","author":"Lombardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003312","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with significant fibrosis in people with HIV","volume":"36","author":"Michel","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002650","article-title":"Liver steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with fibrosis are predictors of frailty in people living with HIV","volume":"34","author":"Milic","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.01.028","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a multicentre cohort of people living with HIV in Spain","volume":"110","author":"Navarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001942","article-title":"Etiology and severity of liver disease in HIV-positive patients with suspected NAFLD: lessons from a cohort with available liver biopsies","volume":"80","author":"Prat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v20i1.968","article-title":"Associations of visceral fat thickness and anthropometric measurements with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development in male patients mono-infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"20","author":"Vujanovi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1629008","article-title":"Improvement in liver steatosis after the switch from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor to raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Calza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14107","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 is independently associated with severe hepatic steatosis in non-obese HIV-infected patients","volume":"39","author":"Praktiknjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12384","article-title":"Changes in liver steatosis evaluated by transient elastography with the controlled attenuation parameter in HIV-infected patients","volume":"17","author":"Mac\u00edas","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix467","article-title":"Changes in liver steatosis after switching from Efavirenz to Raltegravir among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Mac\u00edas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X21666230714122716","article-title":"Detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with non-invasive tools in Turkish people living with HIV and with apparently normal liver function","volume":"21","author":"Ba\u015faran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010014","article-title":"Discordant liver fibrosis predictors in virologically suppressed people living with HIV without hepatitis virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Rossetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac538","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac538","article-title":"Factors associated with liver steatosis in people with human immunodeficiency virus on contemporary antiretroviral therapy","volume":"9","author":"Riebensahm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13800","article-title":"High Irisin levels in nondiabetic HIV-infected males are associated with insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Moreno\u2010Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051246","article-title":"Lipidomics reveals reduced inflammatory lipid species and storage lipids after switching from EFV\/FTC\/TDF TO RPV\/FTC\/TDF: a randomized open-label trial","volume":"9","author":"Curran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0106","article-title":"Liver fat, adipose tissue, and body composition changes after switching from a protease inhibitor or Efavirenz to Raltegravir","volume":"35","author":"Hanttu","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1017","article-title":"microRNA-200a: a stage-dependent biomarker and predictor of steatosis and liver cell injury in human immunodeficiency virus patients","volume":"1","author":"Austermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-022-02133-9","article-title":"Prevalence and dynamics of NAFLD-associated fibrosis in people living with HIV in Vienna from first presentation to last follow-up","volume":"135","author":"Schwarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.36519\/kd.2021.09","article-title":"Prevalence and related risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"34","author":"Sarigul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Klimik J"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200227114310","article-title":"Relation of steatosis to neurocognitive function in people living with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Mari\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2018.37","article-title":"Relationship between grip strength and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in men living with HIV referred to a metabolic clinic","volume":"8","author":"Debroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0462","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010462","article-title":"Return-to-health effect of modern combined antiretroviral therapy potentially predisposes HIV patients to hepatic steatosis","volume":"97","author":"Mohr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a15b72","article-title":"Noninvasive procedures to evaluate liver involvement in HIV-1 vertically infected children","volume":"49","author":"Rubio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.030","article-title":"Carriage of the PNPLA3 rs738409 C >G polymorphism confers an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1822","article-title":"TM6SF2: a novel genetic player in nonalcoholic fatty liver and cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk1688","article-title":"A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands","volume":"375","author":"Wymant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.M22000052","article-title":"HIV and liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.1.81","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Pires","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119220","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an overview of risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"271","author":"Gerges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.08.008","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including genetics","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes22021","article-title":"Recent epidemiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Huh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. Journal of Hepatology","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60497-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir at week 48 in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 infection in POWER 1 and 2: a pooled subgroup analysis of data from two randomised trials","volume":"369","author":"Clotet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001817","article-title":"A week-48 randomized phase-3 trial of darunavir\/cobicistat\/emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive HIV-1 patients","volume":"32","author":"Eron","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/25787489.2021.2003132","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxicity, and other discontinuations in persons receiving integrase strand transfer inhibitors: results from the EuroSIDA study","volume":"22","author":"Pelchen-Matthews","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000334","article-title":"NASH syndrome: the coming epidemic","volume":"41","author":"Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Nurs"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.27","article-title":"Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.34172\/mejdd.2022.270","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: risk factors and pathophysiology","volume":"14","author":"Akter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13052","article-title":"Clinical, biochemical and histological differences between HIV-associated NAFLD and primary NAFLD: a case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Vodkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100437","article-title":"Electronic health record-based genome-wide meta-analysis provides insights on the genetic architecture of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Ghodsian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3902-y","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295165\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1730978047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295165\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"article-number":"1295165"}}