{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:47:26Z","timestamp":1786751246409,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latin America was the region most affected by COVID-19 in the second quarter of 2020, and consequently, the impact on mental health requires evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by bereavement due to COVID-19 in 12 countries in Latin America.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Validated tests were applied for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), questions about the respondent\u2019s condition or their environment, and demographic questions, as well as the length of the mourning period of suffering.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The outcomes demonstrated that the PTSD risk increased for women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), when a friend or acquaintance had COVID-19 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), when a close relative died from COVID-19 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010), having severe depression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;0.001), severe anxiety (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), severe stress (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), residing in Chile (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), Paraguay (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), Bolivia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), Costa Rica (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001) or El Salvador (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 = 0.005). On the other hand, there was less risk of PTSD at an older age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001) or if respondents had a sentimental partner (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 = 0.025). In the case of severe PTSD, there was a greater gender risk for women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), a close relative dying from COVID-19 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 = 0.017), having severe depression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), severe anxiety (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), severe stress (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), residing in Chile (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), Paraguay (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001), Bolivia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001) and Costa Rica (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 = 0.002). It was also observed that there was less risk of severe PTSD at an older age demographic (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It can be concluded that the percentages of PTSD are high in its clinical presentation as severe, especially among Latin American women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1302694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:54:50Z","timestamp":1704689690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder risk post-COVID-19 in 12 countries in Latin America: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christian R.","family":"Mejia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Serna-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn A.","family":"Vilela-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Armada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milward","family":"Ubillus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Bera\u00fan-Barrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Risco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyla","family":"Del-Aguila-Arcentales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal M.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime A.","family":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0968344513504525","article-title":"Paths of infection: the first world war and the origins of the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Humphries","year":"2014","journal-title":"War Hist"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01745","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1745","article-title":"Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and 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