{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:12:33Z","timestamp":1777925553475,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012706","name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many individuals who use the sauna at a temperature of 120\u00b0C of higher are not aware of the negative consequences of extreme thermal stress. Despite extensive research into sauna use, the impact of extreme thermal stress on the physiological and psychological characteristics of sauna users have not been examined to date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to determine the effect of 20\u2009min sauna sessions with a temperature of 80\u00b0C and 120\u00b0C on the physiological and psychological characteristics of women who sporadically visit the sauna.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted on 22 full-time female university students. Physical activity (PA) levels were evaluated with the Polish short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Anthropometric characteristics were measured before the first sauna session by the InBody270 body composition analyzer. Physiological parameters, including heart, energy expenditure, physical effort, and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure \u2013 SBP, and diastolic blood pressure \u2013 DBP), were assessed indirectly using Polar V800 heart rate monitors and the Omron M6 Comfort blood pressure monitor. The participants\u2019 wellbeing was assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. The presence of significant correlations between heat exhaustion and heat stress variables and syncope during the second sauna session was examined with the use of classification and regression trees (CRT) and the cross-validation technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-minute sauna sessions with a temperature of 80\u00b0C and 120\u00b0C induced a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) decrease in the values of SBP (excluding the temperature of 120\u00b0C), DBP, and body mass, as well as a significant increase in HR and forehead temperature. Exposure to a temperature of 80\u00b0C led to a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) increase in vigor with a simultaneous decrease in tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion. In turn, sauna bathing at a temperature of 120\u00b0C had an opposite effect on the above mood parameters. Vomiting and confusion were the main predictors of syncope that occurred in some of the surveyed women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Excessive air temperature can induce symptoms characteristic of heat exhaustion and heat stress nausea, heavy sweating, fast weak or strong HR, high body temperature, and confusion. Therefore, sauna bathing at a temperature of 80\u00b0C can be recommended to women who sporadically use the sauna, whereas exposure to a temperature of 120\u00b0C is not advised in this group of sauna users. The present findings provide highly valuable inputs for managing wellness and SPA centers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1303804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T04:15:09Z","timestamp":1706242509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The influence of extreme thermal stress on the physiological and psychological characteristics of young women who sporadically use the sauna: practical implications for the safe use of the sauna"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Podstawski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Borys\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia 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