{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1768707383962,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) poses a growing risk to public health worldwide. While numerous studies have identified major life events as key risk factors for NSSI, the mechanisms by which emotional and cognitive problems mediate or moderate this relationship remain unclear. To enhance the understanding of this field, we will draw upon the cascade theory of self-injury and the benefits and barriers model, to examine the relationship between major life events and NSSI, as well as the effect of rumination and body image.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 2,717 college students (M<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 19.81 years; SD = 1.09) participated in this study and anonymously completed the questionnaires. The moderated mediation model were conducted using Model 4 and Model 15 of the Process macro program in SPSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that rumination mediated the positive relationship between major life events and NSSI. Furthermore, body image was found to moderate both the relationship between major life events and NSSI, as well as the relationship between rumination and NSSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current findings suggest that rumination is an important mediator in the relationship between major life events and NSSI among college students. Teachers, parents, and researchers should recognize the important role of body image self-perceptions of college students and actively promote a healthy and accurate body image.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1308186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:36:05Z","timestamp":1705466165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The relationship between major life events and non-suicidal self-injury among college students: the effect of rumination and body image"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangni","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanchun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30022-1","article-title":"The age of adolescence","volume":"2","author":"Sawyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"The lancet child & adolescent health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2543","article-title":"Self-injurious behaviors in a college population","volume":"117","author":"Whitlock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304550","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury: A neglected public health problem among adolescents","volume":"108","author":"Westers","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Public Health Association"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x","article-title":"Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury","volume":"18","author":"Nock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002497","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions","volume":"41","author":"Klonsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002245","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the world mental health international college student (WMH-ICS) initiative","volume":"53","author":"Kiekens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12916","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012916","article-title":"Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese middle school and high school students: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2017.1312416","article-title":"The intersection of nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide-related behavior: patterns of elevated risk and implications for college mental health","volume":"65","author":"Cramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.031","article-title":"Stressful life events and problematic internet use by adolescent females and males: a mediated moderation model","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190681777.013.1","article-title":"The Oxford handbook of stress and mental health","volume":"7","author":"Monroe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Major Life Events"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.824835","article-title":"Negative life events and non-suicidal self-injury in an adolescent inpatient sample","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.005","article-title":"Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: the experiential avoidance model","volume":"44","author":"Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2954","article-title":"Associations between stressful life events, non-suicidal self-injury, and depressive symptoms among Chinese rural-to-urban children: a three-wave longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.04.003","article-title":"Suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the treatment of resistant depression in adolescents: findings from the TORDIA study","volume":"50","author":"Asarnow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-021-01660-2","article-title":"The relation of anxiety to nonsuicidal self injury is indirect through mindfulness","volume":"12","author":"Bock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091959","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1091959","article-title":"Cybervictimization and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: the effect of depression and school connectedness","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.07.002","article-title":"Cognition and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"69","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1368456","article-title":"Emotional cascade theory and non-suicidal self-injury: the importance of imagery and positive affect","volume":"32","author":"Hasking","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit Emot"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.7312\/mona92982-017","article-title":"The concept of coping","volume-title":"Stress and coping: An anthology","author":"Lazarus","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031994","article-title":"Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults","volume":"122","author":"Michl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.08.099","article-title":"The effect of cyberbullying victimization and traditional bullying victimization on suicidal ideation among Chinese female college students: the role of rumination and insomnia","volume":"340","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152407","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese college students with elevated autistic traits: associations with anxiety, rumination and experiential avoidance","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12350","article-title":"The relationship between rumination and NSSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-022-00423-0","article-title":"The relationship between negative life events and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among Chinese junior high school students: the mediating role of emotions","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617745641","article-title":"Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"6","author":"Hooley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10100","article-title":"The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria: psychometric evidence and development of a short form","volume":"32","author":"Cash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.12.001","article-title":"Self-concept clarity and appearance-based social comparison to idealized bodies","volume":"40","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221081191","article-title":"The link between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), body image and activity on social networking sites among female adolescents with an eating disorder","volume":"27","author":"G\u00f3mez-Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Newell","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.01.016","article-title":"Life events, psychopathology, and suicidal behavior in Chinese adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-008-9107-z","article-title":"Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: psychometric properties of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS)","volume":"31","author":"Klonsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.05.057","article-title":"Big five personality traits in the occurrence and repetition of nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: the mediating effects of depressive symptoms","volume":"101","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t03823-000","article-title":"Response styles questionnaire","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"550","article-title":"Chinese version of Nolen-Hoeksema ruminative responses scale (RRS) used in 912 college students: reliability and validity.","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278720979651","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese version of the body image concern inventory","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance","volume":"36","author":"Dormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2014.953166","article-title":"Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students","volume":"63","author":"Taliaferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-022-02516-6","article-title":"Associations between family functioning, emotion regulation, social support, and self-injury among emerging adult university students","volume":"32","author":"Boyes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912441","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441","article-title":"Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23015","article-title":"Negative life events and nonsuicidal self-injury in prisoners: the mediating role of hopelessness and moderating role of belief in a just world","volume":"77","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"408","article-title":"How emotions facilitate and impair self-regulation","volume":"1","author":"Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of emotion regulation"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323","article-title":"Bad is stronger than good","volume":"5","author":"Baumeister","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258","article-title":"Self-injury","volume":"6","author":"Nock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00370","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide: the role of life events in clinical and non-clinical populations of adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Horvath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028070","article-title":"Rumination moderates the effects of daily events on negative mood: results from a diary study","volume":"12","author":"Genet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.04.002","article-title":"Predicting the incidence of non-suicidal self-injury in college students","volume":"59","author":"Kiekens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21966","article-title":"Emotional cascades and self-injury: investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion","volume":"69","author":"Selby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12898","article-title":"Patterns of psychological pain and self-harm behaviors in adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1377714","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of stressful life events with non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: the mediating effect of depressive symptoms","volume":"2023","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0444-0","article-title":"Effects of rumination and optimism on the relationship between psychological distress and non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"15","author":"Tanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.08.001","article-title":"Yoga and nonsuicidal self-injury: mediational effects of self-compassion and body appreciation","volume":"43","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.11.016","article-title":"An examination of the relationship between body image factors and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: the mediating influence of emotion dysregulation","volume":"206","author":"Duggan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.1.5","article-title":"Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem","volume":"103","author":"Baumeister","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1401_01","article-title":"Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem","volume":"14","author":"Kernis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"106","article-title":"Stability and variability in self-concept and self-esteem","volume-title":"Handbook of self and identity","author":"Kernis","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.027","article-title":"Self-esteem and non-suicidal self-injury in adulthood: a systematic review","volume":"221","author":"Forrester","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.06.010","article-title":"Body image as a mediator of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/jgc.2017.6","article-title":"Self-harm behaviour in adolescents: body image and self-esteem","volume":"27","author":"Oktan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychol Couns Sch"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.01.020","article-title":"Psychological treatment of depressive rumination","volume":"4","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Rumination-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression","author":"Watkins","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2017.07.004","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Perestelo-Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1308186\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:36:09Z","timestamp":1705466169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1308186\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1308186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1308186","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"article-number":"1308186"}}