{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T03:53:17Z","timestamp":1781927597219,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on ethnic and racial differences in symptoms and health-related impacts following SARS-CoV-2 infection are limited. We aimed to estimate the ethnic and racial differences in symptoms and health-related impacts 3 and 6\u2009months after the first SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants included adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection enrolled in a prospective multicenter US study between 12\/11\/2020 and 7\/4\/2022 as the primary cohort of interest, as well as a SARS-CoV-2-negative cohort to account for non-SARS-CoV-2-infection impacts, who completed enrollment and 3-month surveys (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093,161; 2,402 SARS-CoV-2-positive, 759 SARS-CoV-2-negative). Marginal odds ratios were estimated using GEE logistic regression for individual symptoms, health status, activity level, and missed work 3 and 6\u2009months after COVID-19 illness, comparing each ethnicity or race to the referent group (non-Hispanic or white), adjusting for demographic factors, social determinants of health, substance use, pre-existing health conditions, SARS-CoV-2 infection status, COVID-19 vaccination status, and survey time point, with interactions between ethnicity or race and time point, ethnicity or race and SARS-CoV-2 infection status, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status and time point.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the majority of symptoms were similar over time between ethnic and racial groups. At 3\u2009months, Hispanic participants were more likely than non-Hispanic participants to report fair\/poor health (OR: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.36\u20132.78) and reduced activity (somewhat less, OR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06\u20132.02; much less, OR: 2.23; 95%CI: 1.38\u20133.61). At 6\u2009months, differences by ethnicity were not present. At 3\u2009months, Other\/Multiple race participants were more likely than white participants to report fair\/poor health (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.25\u20132.88), reduced activity (somewhat less, OR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.21\u20132.46; much less, OR: 2.08; 95%CI: 1.18\u20133.65). At 6\u2009months, Asian participants were more likely than white participants to report fair\/poor health (OR: 1.88; 95%CI: 1.13\u20133.12); Black participants reported more missed work (OR, 2.83; 95%CI: 1.60\u20135.00); and Other\/Multiple race participants reported more fair\/poor health (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.10\u20133.05), reduced activity (somewhat less, OR: 1.60; 95%CI: 1.02\u20132.51; much less, OR: 2.49; 95%CI: 1.40\u20134.44), and more missed work (OR: 2.25; 95%CI: 1.27\u20133.98).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Awareness of ethnic and racial differences in outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection may inform clinical and public health efforts to advance health equity in long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1324636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T04:13:12Z","timestamp":1706587992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ethnic and racial differences in self-reported symptoms, health status, activity level, and missed work at 3 and 6\u2009months following SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kelli N.","family":"O\u2019Laughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin E.","family":"Klabbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Ebna Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwun C. G.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica S.","family":"Spatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"L\u2019Hommedieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Plumb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan 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