{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:07:55Z","timestamp":1792591675129,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies have shown that young maternal age at childbirth can increase the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring, but a study of the U.S. population has not been reported. Moreover, there is no reported research on young and advanced maternal age at childbirth and whether it can contribute to the risk of learning disability (LD) in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the association between young and advanced maternal age at childbirth and offspring risk of ADHD and LD in the U.S. population. Using data from 8,098 participants included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 1999\u20132004, we analyzed the association between maternal age at childbirth and ADHD and LD risk in offspring. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for maternal age at childbirth in association with ADHD and LD risk in offspring were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models after adjustment for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), poverty income ratio, smoking status during pregnancy, and NHANES cycle. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to evaluate potential non-linear relationships. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the reliability of the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among all participants, the offspring of subjects with a maternal age at childbirth of 18\u201324 years had an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.79) and LD (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.79) or either ADHD or LD (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.81). Additionally, compared with subjects with a maternal age at childbirth of 25\u201329 years, subjects with a maternal age at childbirth of 35\u201339 years had lower odds of having offspring with ADHD (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36, 1.00) and higher odds of having offspring with LD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.78). The relationship between maternal age at childbirth and LD risk presented a\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -shaped curve.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide epidemiological evidence showing that young and advanced maternal age at childbirth are associated with ADHD and LD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.923133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:36:53Z","timestamp":1675298213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Maternal age at childbirth and the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and learning disability in offspring"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00038-8","article-title":"Association between maternal age at childbirth and child and adult outcomes in the offspring: a prospective study in five low-income and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration)","volume":"3","author":"Fall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4519-x","article-title":"Age at first birth and risk of later-life cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the literature, its limitation, and recommendations for future research","volume":"17","author":"Rosendaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x","article-title":"The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health","volume":"26","author":"Gibbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediat Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e3283517908","article-title":"Delayed childbearing: effects on fertility and the outcome of pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Balasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186287","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186287","article-title":"Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lean","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2010.07.006","article-title":"Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome: a review of the evidence","volume":"27","author":"Carolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.04.001","article-title":"Maternal age \u226545 years and maternal and perinatal outcomes: a review of the evidence","volume":"29","author":"Carolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2004.11.038","article-title":"Cancer risk associated with early and late maternal age at first birth","volume":"96","author":"Merrill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1090593","article-title":"Advanced maternal age. 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