{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T10:08:33Z","timestamp":1793614113612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to elucidate the effects of outdoor air pollution and allergic conjunctivitis and population-based lagged effects of air pollution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included data on six major air pollutants, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and ozone (O3), and 3325 allergic conjunctivitis outpatient visits in Urumqi, northwest China, from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020. We developed quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression models with distributed lagged nonlinear models (DLNM), and single and multi-pollutant models were constructed to investigate single-day and cumulative lagged effects in detail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results confirmed that elevated PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels are significantly associated with increased allergic conjunctivitis outpatient visits with lags of 2 and 3 days respectively, and subgroup analyses further suggest that the effects of PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on allergic conjunctivitis are more pronounced during the warm season. Women are more sensitive to PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> exposure and the effect of air pollution on allergic conjunctivitis is influenced by age (e.g., infancy and older people).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our work provides the first time-series study in Urumqi, the world's furthest inland city from the ocean. Further implementation of specific outdoor air pollution controls such as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, as well as special population protection policies remain necessary. Multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1325956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T04:43:56Z","timestamp":1729831436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Long-term effects of air pollution on daily outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis from 2013 to 2020: a time-series study in Urumqi, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dongwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchao","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangbiao","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318","article-title":"Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"310","author":"Azari","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08772-7","article-title":"Characterization of particulate matter and its extinction ability during different seasons and weather conditions in Sinkiang, China: two case studies","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103663","article-title":"An exploration of a synthetic construction land use quality evaluation based on economic-social-ecological coupling perspective: a case study in major Chinese cities","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"3563","article-title":"Analysis of aerosol optical depth variation characteristics for 10 years in Urumqi based on MODIS_C006","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30161-3","article-title":"The effect of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across China and its provinces, 1990-2017: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108843","article-title":"Human epidemiological evidence about the association between air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Association between long term exposure to air pollution, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and prevalence of diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18196-6","article-title":"Rural-urban differences in associations between air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions in Guangxi, southwest China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18200-z","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on daily emergency room visits for abdominal pain: a time-series study in Wuhan, China","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1929873","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution during trimesters of pregnancy and childhood allergic diseases in Wuhan, China","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00630-6","article-title":"Air pollution and meteorological conditions significantly contribute to the worsening of allergic conjunctivitis: a regional 20-city, 5-year study in Northeast China","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110807","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and the risk of conjunctivitis in Hefei, China: a time-series analysis","volume":"195","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11762-4","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital outpatient visits for conjunctivitis: a time-series analysis in Tai'an, China","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2022.2030465","article-title":"Short-Term effects of ambient ozone on the risk of conjunctivitis outpatient visits: a time-series analysis in Pudong New Area, Shanghai","volume":"2022","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"135","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"34","author":"Kausar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.057","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) and the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis in Japan","volume":"487","author":"Mimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23858","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23858","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, weather changes, and outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis: a retrospective registry study","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3235","article-title":"Direct in vivo monitoring of acute allergic reactions in human conjunctiva","volume":"172","author":"Helinto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110327","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on the incidence of influenza in Wuhan, China: a time-series analysis","volume":"192","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24564-7","article-title":"Size-specific particulate matter and outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis in children: a time-stratified case-crossover study in Guangzhou, China","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54841-4","article-title":"Air pollution significantly associated with severe ocular allergic inflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"608","article-title":"Time-series analysis on the relationship between ambient PM2.5 and daily outpatient visits due to allergic conjunctivitis among children in Shenzhen","volume":"56","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8831","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238831","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on the prevalence changes of allergic diseases in elementary school students in ulsan, korea: a longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.109","article-title":"Air pollution and outpatient visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study in Hangzhou, China","volume":"231","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113030","article-title":"Short-term exposure to air pollution and conjunctivitis outpatient visits: a multi-city study in China","volume":"254","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17304-w","article-title":"Association between air pollution and emergency room visits for eye diseases and effect modification by temperature in Beijing, China","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000147","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00147-2020","article-title":"Air pollution and the development of asthma from birth until young adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Gehring","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.110","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, climate, and prevalence of eczema in Taiwanese school children","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16889","article-title":"Air pollution and the dynamic association between depressive symptoms and memory in oldest-old women","volume":"69","author":"Petkus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/398_2017_3","article-title":"A global perspective of fine particulate matter pollution and its health effects","volume":"244","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871144","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.871144","article-title":"Exposure of individuals in europe to air pollution and related health effects","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2015.31.2.089","article-title":"Influences of environmental chemicals on atopic dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082965","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter 2.5 triggers Th2-dominant ocular immune response in a murine model","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001171","article-title":"Comparing the effects of particulate matter on the ocular surfaces of normal eyes and a dry eye rat model","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.12.012","article-title":"Effects of collected road dusts on cell viability, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in cultured human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"284","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.11.015","article-title":"Traffic-derived particulate matter exposure and histone H3 modification: A repeated measures study","volume":"153","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2012.10.017","article-title":"Effects of diesel exhaust particles on primary cultured healthy human conjunctival epithelium","volume":"110","author":"Fujishima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.809","article-title":"Effects of air pollution and climatic conditions on the frequency of ophthalmological emergency examinations","volume":"87","author":"Bourcier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP36","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of methylation in children related to prenatal NO2 air pollution exposure","volume":"125","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0139","article-title":"Potential importance of ozone in the association between outdoor air pollution and dry eye disease in South Korea","volume":"134","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1374","article-title":"Ambient level of NO2 augments the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen in asthmatics","volume":"96","author":"Barck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10188","article-title":"Association between atmospheric ozone levels and damage to human nasal mucosa in Florence, Italy","volume":"42","author":"Pacini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1325956\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T04:43:58Z","timestamp":1729831438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1325956\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1325956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1325956","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"article-number":"1325956"}}