{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:43:12Z","timestamp":1791225792924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron strain was first detected in South Africa in November 2021. Although clinical responses to SARS-CoV-2 depend on host immunity, it remains uncertain how immunosuppression affects subsequent coronavirus disease 2019-related (COVID-19-related) incidence, severity, and mortality, especially with respect to the omicron strain. Conversely, immunosuppressants are often thought to predispose to infection. To explore the associations between host immunity and infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants, here we discuss two groups of immunosuppressed patients: organ transplant recipients, who generally receive exogenous immunosuppressants, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patients, who often have disease-related immunosuppression. In summarizing the clinical features and prognoses of HIV-infected patients and human organ transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants, we provide new insights into the pathogenesis of omicron SARS-CoV-2 and provide a framework for the management of these patients now and in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1327093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T05:50:04Z","timestamp":1708581004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A review of the clinical characteristics and management of immunosuppressed patients living with HIV or solid organ transplants infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27524","article-title":"Characterization of the novel SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern and its global perspective","volume":"94","author":"Saxena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02758-6","article-title":"Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31305-2","article-title":"Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington state: a case series","volume":"396","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201507-415BC","article-title":"Validation of a method to identify immunocompromised patients with severe Sepsis in administrative databases","volume":"13","author":"Greenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110345","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months","volume":"385","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101147","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147","article-title":"Outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Norway, November to December 2021","volume":"26","author":"Brandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Secur"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq5358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq5358","article-title":"The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance","volume":"378","author":"Tegally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn311365-20220210-00044","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of the 2019 novel coronavirus omicron variant infected cases","volume":"40","author":"Lyv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00462-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study","volume":"399","author":"Nyberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC01203G","article-title":"Prediction and mitigation of mutation threats to COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944713","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.944713","article-title":"Post-vaccination T cell immunity to omicron","volume":"13","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27697","article-title":"Current evidence on efficacy of COVID-19 booster dose vaccination against the omicron variant: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Chenchula","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13511","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13511","article-title":"The American Society of Transplantation infectious diseases Community of Practice. RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation infectious diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Manuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0312-7","article-title":"COVID-19: risk for cytokine targeting in chronic inflammatory diseases?","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq110","article-title":"Influenza susceptibility, severity, and shedding in HIV-infected adults: a review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Sheth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-8134.2023.02.07","article-title":"Investigation on the infection with SARS-CoV-2 among people living with HIV","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Info"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122129","article-title":"Immune responses against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH): comparison with healthcare workers","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001712","article-title":"Pulmonary disease in HIV-infected adults in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"32","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.060","article-title":"One case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a low CD4+ T-cell count","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00301-3","article-title":"Case report: one case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a normal CD4+ T cell count","volume":"17","author":"Menghua","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2095","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1605","article-title":"Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related hospitalization among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) clinical characterization protocol (UK): a prospective observational study","volume":"73","author":"Geretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30305-2","article-title":"HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform","volume":"8","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20220410-00274","article-title":"Study of transmissibility of 2019-nCoV omicron variant in Beijing","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08768-x","article-title":"Are people living with HIV have a low vulnerability to omicron variant infection: results from a cross-sectional study in China","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa380","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"223","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2037069","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37069","article-title":"COVID-19 outcomes among persons living with or without diagnosed HIV infection in New York state","volume":"4","author":"Tesoriero","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1021","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1793","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among people with human immunodeficiency virus in new York City: a population-level analysis of linked surveillance data","volume":"72","author":"Braunstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1964","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1339","article-title":"Characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes in a multicenter registry of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"73","author":"Dandachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"e2005","article-title":"Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa","volume-title":"Clin Infect Dis","author":"Boulle","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002423","article-title":"Outcomes among HIV-positive patients hospitalized with","volume":"85","author":"Karmen-Tuohy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa880","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 and people living with human immunodeficiency virus: outcomes for hospitalized patients in new York City","volume":"71","author":"Sigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01438-z","article-title":"COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a case series of 33 patients","volume":"48","author":"H\u00e4rter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl4509","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.19.444825","article-title":"Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Israelow","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04465-y","article-title":"Vaccines elicit highly conserved cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 omicron","volume":"603","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3","article-title":"T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize omicron","volume":"603","author":"Keeton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130254","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease","volume":"6","author":"Moir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003135","article-title":"High seroconversion rate after vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 among people with HIV \u2013 but HIV viremia matters?","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157031","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157031","article-title":"Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in people living with HIV","volume":"7","author":"Ogbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100287","article-title":"Anti-spike antibodies and neutralising antibody activity in people living with HIV vaccinated with COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccine: a prospective single-Centre cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lombardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S353127","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HIV in China","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249121","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2249121","article-title":"Neutralization against omicron subvariants after BA.5\/BF.7 breakthrough infection weakened as virus evolution and aging despite repeated prototype-based vaccination1","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109072","article-title":"Covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated health care workers","volume":"385","author":"Bergwerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.11.029","article-title":"COVID-19 breakthrough infections among people living with and without HIV: a statewide cohort analysis","volume":"139","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071435","article-title":"Cluster analysis identifies distinct patterns of T-cell and humoral immune responses evolution following a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in people living with HIV","volume":"15","author":"El Moussaoui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081710","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant neutralization after third dose vaccination in PLWH","volume":"14","author":"Vergori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14246","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14246","article-title":"COVID-19 in hospitalized liver transplant recipients: An early systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Jayant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101739","article-title":"Predictor factor for worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients infected with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Duarsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101025","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on liver transplant recipients\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.02.005","article-title":"An overview of COVID-19 in solid organ transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Bartelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16742","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients: lessons to be learned","volume":"21","author":"Kremer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.10.023","article-title":"A systematic review of COVID-19 and kidney transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Mahalingasivam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2021171","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2020.07.012","article-title":"Clinical presentation, treatment, and mortality rate in liver transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and quantitative analysis","volume":"52","author":"Fraser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13427","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13427","article-title":"COVID-19 clinical manifestations and treatment strategies among solid-organ recipients: a systematic review of cases","volume":"22","author":"Moosavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.02.002","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with solid organ transplants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13827","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13827","article-title":"Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 in solid-organ transplant recipients: incidence density and convalescent immunity prior to reinfection","volume":"24","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2959","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection 1 year after primary infection in a population in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"181","author":"Vitale","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16840","article-title":"Changing trends in mortality among solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the course of the pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Heldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac571","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the omicron variant: a prospective, observational study","volume":"76","author":"Malahe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00327-0","article-title":"Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID study","volume":"399","author":"Menni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13923","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13923","article-title":"Is the omicron variant truly less virulent in solid organ transplant recipients?","volume":"24","author":"Anjan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004126","article-title":"Trends in COVID-19 outcomes in kidney transplant recipients during the period of omicron variant predominance","volume":"106","author":"Villanego","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciac159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac159","article-title":"Delayed mortality among solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized for COVID-19","author":"Heldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00084-6","article-title":"Outcome of transplant recipients infected with omicron BA.1 and BA.2: a single-center retrospective study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alshukairi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac324","article-title":"Impact of vaccination and early monoclonal antibody therapy on coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes in organ transplant recipients during the omicron wave","volume":"75","author":"Solera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2210093","article-title":"Effectiveness and durability of the BNT162b2 vaccine against omicron sublineages in South Africa","volume":"387","author":"Collie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119407","article-title":"Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against Covid-19 omicron variant","volume":"386","author":"Takashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.018","article-title":"Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003780","article-title":"Safety and Reactogenicity of 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"105","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.7326\/L21-0282","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients: a case series","volume":"174","author":"Werbel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16687","article-title":"Reduced humoral response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients without prior exposure to the virus: no cause for alarm","volume":"21","author":"Mossad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16818","article-title":"Cellular immunity predominates over humoral immunity after homologous and heterologous mRNA and vector-based COVID-19 vaccine regimens in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"21","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16814","article-title":"Weak antibody response to three doses of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"21","author":"Chavarot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16369","article-title":"COVID-19 in transplant recipients: the Spanish experience","volume":"21","author":"Coll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02018-7","article-title":"Efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection after lung transplantation: a two center cohort study during the omicron era","volume":"51","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003908","article-title":"Two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines reduce risk of death due to COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: preliminary outcomes from a UK registry linkage analysis","volume":"105","author":"Ravanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003907","article-title":"Risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in adult transplant recipients","volume":"105","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16618","article-title":"COVID-19 infection in solid organ transplant recipients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Wadei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.620","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency: the United Kingdom experience","volume":"147","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002557","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002557","article-title":"Early experience with tixagevimab\/cilgavimab pre-exposure prophylaxis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease undergoing B cell depleting therapy and those with inborn errors of humoral immunity","volume":"8","author":"Calabrese","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies","volume":"602","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1327093\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T05:50:10Z","timestamp":1708581010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1327093\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1327093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1327093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"article-number":"1327093"}}