{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:30:19Z","timestamp":1779935419608,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a worldwide disease. VDD is also associated with an increased risk of HIV-related comorbidities and mortality, and patients have a tendency to develop active tuberculosis compared to those with latent tuberculosis infection. Vitamin D supplementation may modulate HIV replication, improve TB inflammation and reduce progression of HIV-TB co-infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We meta-analyzed individual participant data from cohort studies, cross-sectional study, and RCTs of vitamin D in HIV group, TB group, and HIV-TB group. The primary outcomes were differences in vitamin D level and VDD prevalence between three groups, the secondary outcomes were CD4 count, HIV viral load, time to sputum smear conversion, time to culture conversion, relapse, morality, and TB score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For vitamin D levels, the overall mean difference (MD) between HIV group and TB group was \u22120.21 (95% CI, \u221220.80\u201320.38; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.9, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200984%), HIV group and HIV-TB group was 0.87 (95% CI, \u221211.45\u201313.20; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.89, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200987%), and TB group and HIV-TB group was 1.17 (95% CI, \u22125.21\u20137.55; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.72, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200985%). For vitamin D deficiency prevalence, the overall odds ratio (OR) for HIV group versus TB group was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.46\u20133.31; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.68; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200970%), HIV group versus HIV-TB group was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.03\u20132.29; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%), and TB group versus HIV-TB group was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.61\u20131.20; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.36; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200922%). In HIV-TB group, the overall OR for vitamin D group versus placebo group was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.34\u20131.67; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.52; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200960%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicated that there were no variations in vitamin D levels between three groups. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in the HIV-TB group than in the HIV group. Additionally, the administration of vitamin D supplements did not have obvious impact on CD4 count and viral load. Likewise, vitamin D had no effect on time to sputum smear conversion, time to culture conversion, relapse, 12-month morality, and TB score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1344024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T05:01:18Z","timestamp":1707886878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of vitamin D with HIV infected individuals, TB infected individuals, and HIV-TB co-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kaidi","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/735615","article-title":"Vitamin 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