{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T13:52:35Z","timestamp":1768312355247,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108066h1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108066h1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The supplementary immunization activity (SIA) for the rubella vaccination of adult men born between 1962 and 1978 began in 2019 in Japan because of a vaccine gap in the cohort, as vaccination was not mandatory for those born in that period. However, SIA coverage remains low, despite an active campaign and financial support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a randomized controlled study based on a 2 (scenario: self-vaccination, child vaccination)\u2009\u00d7\u20092 (message: self-interest, group-interest) factorial design, using a Japanese online panel. Participants with children were assigned to the child vaccination scenario in Intervention 1, whereas others were assigned to the self-vaccination scenario. After Intervention 1, all participants were given the same information about rubella. In Intervention 2, participants assigned to self-interest messages received a message emphasizing the risk of rubella, and those assigned to group-interest messages received a message emphasizing herd immunity. After Intervention 2, we evaluated the effects using a questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 2,206 participants, information regarding rubella was evaluated as more reliable in the group\u2014than in the self-interest message condition, especially among women. Women evaluated the necessity of rubella vaccination for adult men and women to be higher in the child-vaccination scenario and group-interest messages. However, no differences were found among men. By contrast, men exposed to the self-interest message positively evaluated the reliability of the rubella explanation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicate that emphasizing self-interest messages is more effective for men in promoting herd immunity against rubella.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1353091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1723179238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gender differences in responses to an altruistic message regarding rubella vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hideo","family":"Okuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiko","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Nationwide rubella epidemic\u2014Japan","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kanai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30356-6","article-title":"Towards rubella elimination in Japan","volume":"18","author":"Jindai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237312","article-title":"Comparing catch-up vaccination programs based on analysis of 2012\u201313 rubella outbreak in Kawasaki City, Japan","volume":"15","author":"Urabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1847584","article-title":"Population-based study of a free rubella-specific antibody testing and immunization campaign in Chiba city in response to the 2018\u20132019 nationwide rubella outbreak in 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rates, clinical presentation, and outcomes among older adults hospitalized with influenza\u2014U.S. influenza hospitalization surveillance network (FluSurv-NET)","volume":"6","author":"Czaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2022.100225","article-title":"Vaccination and altruism under the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Cato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2009.6.839","article-title":"Insights from epidemiological game theory into gender-specific vaccination against rubella","volume":"6","author":"Shim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040036","article-title":"Improving influenza vaccination rate among primary healthcare workers in 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