{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:57:12Z","timestamp":1769011032444,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study aimed to assess the relation between multi-dimension poverty, treatment-seeking behavior, and antibiotic misuse among urinary tract infection (UTI) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional approach was utilized to recruit patients who had a history of UTI in the previous month from two provinces of Pakistan. The treatment-seeking behavior and antibiotic misuse data were collected on a self-developed questionnaire, whereas the poverty data were collected on a modified multi-dimension poverty index (MPI). Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize the data. The logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the association of multi-dimension poverty with patient treatment-seeking behavior and antibiotic misuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 461 participants who had UTI symptoms in the previous month were recruited. Most of the participants in the severely deprived stage treated the UTI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001); however, there was a high proportion of the participants who consulted with friends and family for UTI treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The patients with deprivation status (deprived and severely deprived) were less associated with formal consultation. The poorer subgroups were less likely to practice antibiotic course completion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study highlighted that poverty plays an important role in antibiotic misuse. Poorer subgroups were associated with informal consultations and the incompletion of the antibiotic course. Further studies are needed to explore the potential role of poverty in treatment-seeking behavior and antibiotic misuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1357107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T04:59:41Z","timestamp":1710478781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Relation of poverty with treatment-seeking behavior and antibiotic misuse among UTI patients in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Iltaf","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sundus","family":"Shukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Subhan Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Fawad","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in microbes: history, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00935-7","article-title":"Global burden of antimicrobial resistance: essential pieces of a global puzzle","volume":"399","author":"Charani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-019-03180-3","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance -a cause for reemergence of infections","volume":"87","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(22)00423-5","article-title":"The role of multidimensional poverty in antibiotic misuse: a mixed-methods study of self-medication and non-adherence in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.11.018","article-title":"Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review","volume":"168","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e610","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(21)00024-3","article-title":"Community-based antibiotic access and use in six low-income and middle-income countries: a mixed-method approach","volume":"9","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110786","article-title":"Antibiotic dispensation without a prescription worldwide: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Communicable diseases. 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