{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:55:27Z","timestamp":1792612527024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid dysfunction significantly affects the health and development of adolescents. However, comprehensive studies on its prevalence and characteristics in US adolescents are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12\u201318\u2009years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001\u20132002 and 2007\u20132012\u2009cycles. Thyroid dysfunction was assessed using serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) measurements. We analyzed the prevalence across demographic subgroups and identified associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 2,182 participants, representing an estimated 12.97 million adolescents. The group had a weighted mean age of 15.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009years, with males constituting 51.4%. Subclinical hyperthyroidism emerged as the most prevalent thyroid dysfunction, affecting 4.4% of the population. From 2001\u20132002 to 2011\u20132012, subclinical hyperthyroidism remained consistent at 4.99% vs. 5.13% in the overall cohort. Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was found in 0.41 and 1.03% of adolescents respectively, and overt hyperthyroidism was rare (0.04%). The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in the overall population were 5.8 and 9.8%, respectively. Positivity for TgAb was risk factors for hypothyroidism, while older age, female and Black Americans were risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Female adolescents and adolescents with an older age were more likely to be positive for TPOAb and TgAb, while Black and Mexican Americans had a lower risk of TPOAb and TgAb positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subclinical hyperthyroidism was the most common form of thyroid dysfunction, and its prevalence remained stable from 2001\u20132002 to 2011\u20132012. Notable disparities in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and antibody positivity were observed among different age, sex and racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1366485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T01:08:31Z","timestamp":1718845711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Overall, sex-and race\/ethnicity-specific prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12\u201318\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jianzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1920745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20745","article-title":"Association of subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease with mortality","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07004-2","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased incidence of 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2017-2020","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"The National Health and nutrition examination survey: sample design, 1999-2006","volume":"15","author":"Curtin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"NHANES survey methods and analytic guidelines [Internet]","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Thyroid function testing","author":"Marks","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80385-3","article-title":"Age-related changes in serum free thyroxine during childhood and adolescence","volume":"123","author":"Nelson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2011-0494","article-title":"Current normal values for TSH and FT3 in children are too low: evidence from over 11,000 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Americans","volume":"25","author":"McLeod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00273","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood hyperthyroidism in France: a Nationwide population-based study","volume":"103","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208290","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibodies","volume":"76","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public 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