{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:05:27Z","timestamp":1792757127584,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When we humans travel, our microorganisms come along. These can be harmless but also pathogenic, and are spread by touching surfaces or breathing aerosols in the passenger cabins. As the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 has shown, those environments display a risk for infection transmission. For a risk reduction, countermeasures such as wearing face masks and distancing were applied in many places, yet had a significant social impact. Nevertheless, the next pandemic will come and additional countermeasures that contribute to the risk reduction are needed to keep commuters safe and reduce the spread of microorganisms and pathogens, but also have as little impact as possible on the daily lives of commuters. This review describes the bacterial microbiome of subways around the world, which is mainly characterized by human-associated genera. We emphasize on healthcare-associated ESKAPE pathogens within public transport, introduce state-of-the art methods to detect common microbes and potential pathogens such as LAMP and next-generation sequencing. Further, we describe and discuss possible countermeasures that could be deployed in public transportation systems, as antimicrobial surfaces or air sterilization using plasma. Commuting in public transport can harbor risks of infection. Improving the safety of travelers can be achieved by effective detection methods, microbial reduction systems, but importantly by hand hygiene and common-sense hygiene guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1367324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:33:58Z","timestamp":1710117238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An overview of the bacterial microbiome of public transportation systems\u2014risks, detection, and countermeasures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yen-Tran","family":"Ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Leuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Factsheet about seasonal influenza","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.021","article-title":"A parallel and silent emerging pandemic: antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amid COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33719-6","article-title":"Human microbiome transfer in the build environment differs based on occupants, objects, and buildings","volume":"13","author":"Hoisington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-7","article-title":"Bacterial communities on classroom surfaces vary with human contact","volume":"2","author":"Meadow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237272","article-title":"Passenger-surface microbiome interactions in the subway of Mexico City","volume":"15","author":"Vargas-Robles","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00018-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00018-16","article-title":"Urban transit system microbial communities differ by surface type and interaction with humans and the environment","volume":"1","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8798","DOI":"10.1101\/735027","article-title":"Station and train surface microbiomes of Mexico City\u2019s metro (subway\/underground)","volume":"10","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02244-14","article-title":"Indoor-air microbiome in an urban Subway network: diversity and dynamics","volume":"80","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.109","article-title":"The environmental exposures and inner- and intercity traffic flows of the metro system may contribute to the skin microbiome and Resistome","volume":"24","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.01.001","article-title":"Geospatial resolution of human and bacterial diversity with City-scale metagenomics","volume":"1","author":"Afshinnekoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106186","article-title":"Bioaerosols in the athens metro: metagenetic insights into the PM(10) microbiome in a naturally ventilated subway station","volume":"146","author":"Grydaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.01.007","article-title":"Co-occurrence patterns of Bacteria within microbiome of Moscow Subway","volume":"18","author":"Klimenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0772-9","article-title":"The Subway microbiome: seasonal dynamics and direct comparison of air and surface bacterial communities","volume":"7","author":"Gohli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.075549.107","article-title":"A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Grice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11387-8","article-title":"Nationality and body location Alter human skin microbiome","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010298","article-title":"Targeting the 16S rRNA Gene for bacterial identification in complex mixed samples: comparative evaluation of second (Illumina) and third (Oxford Nanopore technologies) generation sequencing technologies","volume":"21","author":"Winand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.3c00538","article-title":"Exploring Andean high-altitude Lake extremophiles through advanced Proteotyping","author":"Runzheimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"33","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114006","article-title":"Prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in the environment: antibiotic resistance status, community-acquired infection and risk to human health","volume":"244","author":"Denissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.08.016","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public transportation vehicles (buses): another piece to the epidemiologic puzzle","volume":"42","author":"Lutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.05.010","article-title":"Contamination of public transports by Staphylococcus aureus and its carriage by biomedical students: point-prevalence, related risk factors and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant strains","volume":"129","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12700","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological study of methicillin-resistant staphylococci environmental contamination in railway stations and coach stations in Guangzhou of China","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3126\/tujm.v5i0.22312","article-title":"Detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public transportation of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Angbuhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribhuvan Univ J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2478\/acs-2019-0007","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public transport in Bratislava, Slovakia","volume":"12","author":"Medve\u010fov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Chim Slov"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S217","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy661","article-title":"Transmission of mcr-1-producing multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in public transportation in Guangzhou, China","volume":"67","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa260","article-title":"A public health concern: emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a public transportation environment","volume":"75","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139735","article-title":"Prevalence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci and enterococci from shared bicycles in Chengdu, China","volume":"738","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071539","article-title":"Application and perspectives of MADLI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology laboratories","volume":"9","author":"Torres-Sangiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"The evolution of next-generation sequencing technologies","author":"Akintunde","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/v6010106","article-title":"Historical perspective, development and applications of next-generation sequencing in plant virology","volume":"6","author":"Barba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-018-0211-z","article-title":"Profiling microbial strains in urban environments using metagenomic sequencing data","volume":"13","author":"Zolfo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb2013.13459","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based detection of bacteria: a review","volume":"13","author":"Pooja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-013-9748-8","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the detection of Salmonella in food","volume":"7","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040828","article-title":"Rapid and reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 using direct RT-LAMP","volume":"12","author":"El-Kafrawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20210098","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by RT-LAMP during a screening of Workers in Brazil, including pre-symptomatic carriers","author":"dos Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234682","article-title":"Rapid detection of novel coronavirus\/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"15","author":"Lamb","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02736.x","article-title":"Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals","volume":"101","author":"Setlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030667","article-title":"Molecular physiological characterization of a high heat resistant spore forming Bacillus subtilis food isolate","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02728.x","article-title":"Bacterial contamination on touch surfaces in the public transport system and in public areas of a hospital in London","volume":"49","author":"Otter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02766-10","article-title":"Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface","volume":"77","author":"Grass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901730116","article-title":"Post-stress bacterial cell death mediated by reactive oxygen speciesProc","volume":"116","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.04141","article-title":"Copper-polymer nanocomposites: an excellent and cost-effective biocide for use on antibacterial surfaces","volume":"69","author":"Tamayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008880","article-title":"Antimicrobial surfaces: a need for stewardship?","volume":"16","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06404-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial surfaces: a review of synthetic approaches, applicability and outlook","volume":"56","author":"Mahanta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0414-z","article-title":"Mechano-bactericidal actions of nanostructured surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Linklater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042325","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic coatings reduce the microbial burden on environmental surfaces in public transportation-a field study in buses","volume":"19","author":"Kalb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20969","DOI":"10.3396\/ijic.v17.20969","article-title":"Investigation of the effectiveness of antimicrobial photocatalyst-coated hand-contact surfaces in passenger transport vehicles under everyday conditions","volume":"17","author":"Eicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.07.020","article-title":"Decontamination of rooms, medical equipment and ambulances using an aerosol of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant","volume":"62","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.015","article-title":"Whole room disinfection with hydrogen peroxide mist to control Listeria monocytogenes in food industry related environments","volume":"292","author":"M\u00f8retr\u00f8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052526","article-title":"Is Peracetic acid fumigation effective in public transportation?","volume":"19","author":"Kruszewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03010-15","article-title":"Mechanism of sporicidal activity for the synergistic combination of Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"82","author":"Leggett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.11.027","article-title":"Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores to decontaminate subway railcar and related materials via the fogging of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide sporicidal liquids","volume":"206","author":"Richter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247551","article-title":"The impact of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fumigation on bacterial levels in dental office environments: a randomized clinical trial investigation","volume":"12","author":"Matys","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/153567601101600303","article-title":"Comparison of multiple systems for laboratory whole room fumigation","volume":"16","author":"Beswick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.11.006","article-title":"Disinfectants used for environmental disinfection and new room decontamination technology","volume":"41","author":"Rutala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"199","article-title":"Nucleic acids: interaction with solar UV radiation","volume":"10","author":"Murphy","year":"1975","journal-title":"Curr Top Radiat Res Q"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01552.x","article-title":"Different (direct and indirect) mechanisms for the induction of DNA-protein crosslinks in human cells by far-and near-ultraviolet radiations (290 and 405 nm)","volume":"42","author":"Peak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanic design and kinematic simulation of tri-star wheeled Mobile robot for COVID-19 using UV-C disinfection for public transport","author":"Hurtado","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAEEE54957.2022.9836348","article-title":"Design of a low cost ultraviolet disinfection unit to minimize the cross-contamination of COVID-19 in transport","author":"Rakib","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11184-2","article-title":"UVC disinfection robot","volume":"28","author":"Guettari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102161","article-title":"Evaluation of a portable ultraviolet C (UV-C) device for hospital surface decontamination","volume":"33","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050001","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793984420500014","article-title":"Damage to common healthcare polymer Surfaces from UV exposure","volume":"10","author":"Teska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Life"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.206","article-title":"Efficacy of relatively low-cost ultraviolet-C light devices against Candida auris","volume":"43","author":"Pearlmutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01573","article-title":"Microorganisms in confined habitats: microbial monitoring and control of intensive care units, operating rooms, cleanrooms and the international space station","volume":"7","author":"Mora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.12.023","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy and inactivation kinetics of a novel LED-based UV-irradiation technology","volume":"135","author":"Sch\u00f6bel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.10.012","article-title":"Recent advances in non-thermal decontamination technologies for microorganisms and mycotoxins in low-moisture foods","volume":"106","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3873928","article-title":"Plasma medicine: applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma in dermatology","volume":"2019","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3390\/app11051975","article-title":"Applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma in dentistry","volume":"11","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2007.905209","article-title":"Rapid inactivation of airborne Bacteria using atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier grating discharge","volume":"35","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Plasma Sci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.01.002","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma\u2014a tool for decontamination and disinfection","volume":"33","author":"Scholtz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200400078","article-title":"Low temperature plasma-based sterilization: overview and state-of-the-art","volume":"2","author":"Laroussi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plasma Process Polym"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1021\/es203770q","article-title":"Rapid inactivation of biological species in the air using atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma","volume":"46","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158965","article-title":"Impact of needle-point bipolar ionization system in the reduction of bioaerosols in collective transport","volume":"855","author":"Baselga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010166","article-title":"Plasma-activated water (PAW) as a disinfection technology for bacterial inactivation with a focus on fruit and vegetables","volume":"10","author":"Soni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.3390\/app13106243","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma review: assessment and improvement of feasibility as a retrofitted Technology in Tertiary Wastewater Purification","volume":"13","author":"Naicker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114978","article-title":"Feasibility of non-thermal plasma gasification for a waste-to-energy power plant","volume":"251","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1367324\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:34:02Z","timestamp":1710117242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1367324\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1367324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1367324","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"article-number":"1367324"}}