{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:10:27Z","timestamp":1792919427354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing concern about air pollution\u2019s impact on public health underscores the need to understand its effects on non-neoplastic digestive system diseases (NNDSD). This study explores the link between air pollution and NNDSD in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a national cross-sectional study using 2015 data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), involving 13,046 Chinese adults aged 45 and above from 28 provinces. Satellite-based spatiotemporal models estimated participants\u2019 exposure to ambient particulate matter (3-year average). An analysis of logistic regression models was conducted to estimate the association between air pollutants [particulate matter with a diameter\u2009\u2264\u20092.5\u2009\u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) or \u226410\u2009\u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), sulfur dioxide (SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and carbon monoxide (CO)] and NNDSD. Interaction analyses were conducted to examine potential modifiers of these associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of NNDSD among participants was 26.29%. After adjusted for multivariate factors, we observed a 6% [odd ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94, 1.19], 23% (OR\u2009=\u20091.23, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.38), 26% (OR\u2009=\u20091.26, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.41), 30% (OR\u2009=\u20091.30, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.46), 13% (OR\u2009=\u20091.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.27) and 27% (OR\u2009=\u20091.27, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.43) increase in NNDSD risk with an interquartile range increase in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (23.36\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      (50.33\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (17.27\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (14.75\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (10.80\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and CO (0.42\u2009mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), respectively. Interaction analyses showed that PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      had stronger effects on NNDSD risk among older adults, highly educated individuals, smokers, and married people, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates that long-term exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CO is positively associated with NNDSD risk in Chinese adults aged 45 and above. Implementing intervention strategies to enhance air quality is essential for reducing the burden of NNDSD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1372156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T01:13:56Z","timestamp":1731633236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exposure to air pollution and non-neoplastic digestive system diseases: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenshen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-023-00189-1","article-title":"Non-neoplastic disorders in an aging gut: concise review","volume":"35","author":"Dawra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2015.09.005","article-title":"Non-neoplastic pancreatic lesions that may mimic malignancy","volume":"33","author":"Okun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017","article-title":"Burden and cost of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States: update 2021","volume":"162","author":"Peery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.9734\/bpi\/dhrni\/v3\/1533","article-title":"Global inequalities in the burden of digestive diseases from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"166","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2016.11.011","article-title":"Management of non-neoplastic Gastric Lesions","volume":"97","author":"Schmocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa001999","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer","volume":"345","author":"Uemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061453","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061453","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 10 digestive diseases in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30161-3","article-title":"The effect of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across China and its provinces, 1990-2017: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e586","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00122-X","article-title":"Diabetes and air pollution collaborators. 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