{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:22:17Z","timestamp":1790742137833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pesticides are widely used in agricultural activities. Although pesticide use is known to cause damage to the human body, its relationship with thyroid function remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and thyroid function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Chinese database used included 60 patients with pyrethroid poisoning and 60 participants who underwent health checkups between June 2022 and June 2023. The NHANES database included 1,315 adults enrolled from 2007 to 2012. The assessed pesticide and their metabolites included 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PB), para-nitrophenol (PN), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3P), and trans-dichlorovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (TDDC). The evaluated indicators of thyroid function were measured by the blood from the included population. The relationship between pesticide exposure and thyroid function indexes was investigated using linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), restricted cubic spline (RCS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Chinese data showed that pesticide exposure was negatively correlated with the thyroid function indicators FT4, TT4, TgAb, and TPOAb (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The BKMR model analysis of the NHANES data showed that the metabolic mixture of multiple pesticides was negatively associated with FT4, TSH, and Tg, similar to the Chinese database findings. Additionally, linear regression analysis demonstrated positive correlations between 2,4-D and FT3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041) and 4F3PB and FT4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), whereas negative associations were observed between 4F3PB and Tg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), 4F3PB and TgAb (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), 3P and TgAB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), 3P and TPOAb (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03), PN and TSH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), PN and TT4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031), and TDDC and TPOAb (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). RCS curves highlighted that most pesticide metabolites were negatively correlated with thyroid function indicators. Finally, WQS model analysis revealed significant differences in the weights of different pesticide metabolites on the thyroid function indexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a significant negative correlation between pesticide metabolites and thyroid function indicators, and the influence weights of different pesticide metabolites on thyroid function indicators are significantly different. More research is needed to further validate the association between different pesticide metabolites and thyroid disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1378027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T04:37:28Z","timestamp":1718167048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between pesticide exposure and thyroid function: analysis of Chinese and NHANES 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