{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:35:29Z","timestamp":1789950929075,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), users are still exposed to carcinogens similar to those found in tobacco products. Since these carcinogens are metabolized and excreted in urine, they may have carcinogenic effects on the bladder urinary tract epithelium. This meta-analysis aimed to compare bladder cancer carcinogens in the urine of tobacco users and e-cigarette users using a large number of samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic meta-analysis was performed using data obtained from several scientific databases (up to November 2023). This cumulative analysis was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluation and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Evaluations (AMSTAR) guidelines, according to a protocol registered with PROSPERO. This study was registered on PROSPERO and obtained the unique number: CRD42023455600.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis included 10 high-quality studies that considered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Statistical indicators show that there is a difference between the tobacco user group and the e-cigarette user group in terms of 1-Hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP) [weighted mean difference (WMD)10.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) (8.41 to 11.88), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE) [WMD 0.08, 95% CI (\u22120.14 to 0.31), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05], 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) [WMD 0.16, 95% CI (0.12 to 0.20), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) [WMD 0.69, 95% CI (0.58 to 0.80), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) [WMD 7.48, 95% CI (4.15 to 10.80), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU) [WMD 0.57, 95% CI (0.48 to 0.66), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 2-Carbamoylethylmercapturic acid (AAMA) [WMD 66.47, 95% CI (27.49 to 105.46), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], 4-Hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl-mercapturic acid (MHBMA) [WMD 287.79, 95% CI (\u221254.47 to 630.04), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05], 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNAL) [WMD 189.37, 95% CI (78.45 to 300.29), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05], or N0-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [WMD 11.66, 95% CI (7.32 to 16.00), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary bladder cancer markers were significantly higher in traditional tobacco users than in e-cigarette users.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Systematic review registration<\/jats:bold>: PROSPERO (CRD42023455600: <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1385628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T10:37:28Z","timestamp":1713868648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of bladder carcinogenesis biomarkers in the urine of traditional cigarette users and e-cigarette 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