{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:23:44Z","timestamp":1783704224500,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research aims to analyze how exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.<\/jats:sub>5) and ambient heat during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital hydronephrosis (CH) in newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and ambient heat during pregnancy and the occurrence of CH in newborns. The study, which was conducted from 2015 to 2020, included 409 infants with CH as the case group and 409 infants without any abnormalities as the control group. Using spatial remote sensing technology, the exposure of each pregnant mother to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentration was meticulously mapped. Additionally, data on the ambient temperature of exposure for each participant were also collected. A logistics regression model was used to calculate the influence of exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and ambient heat on the occurrence of CH. Stratified analysis and interaction analysis were used to study the interaction between ambient heat exposure and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> on the occurrence of CH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the 6th week of gestation, exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> may increase the risk of CH. For every 10 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase in PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure, the risk of CH increased by 2% (95%CI = 0.98, 1.05) at a <jats:italic>p-<\/jats:italic>value of &amp;gt;0.05, indicating that there was no significant relationship between the results. Exposure to intense heat at 6th and 7th weeks of gestation increased the risk of CH. Specifically, for every 1\u00b0C increase in heat exposure, the risk of CH in offspring increased by 21% (95%CI = 1.04, 1.41) during the 6th week and 13% during the 7th week (95%CI = 1.02, 1.24). At 5th and 6th weeks of gestation, the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was greater than 0 at the 50th percentile (22.58\u00b0C), 75th percentile (27.25\u00b0C), and 90th percentile (29.13\u00b0C) of daily maximum temperature (Tmax) distribution, indicating that the risk of CH was higher when exposed to both ambient heat and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> at the same time compared to exposure to a single risk factor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to higher levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and ambient heat during pregnancy increases the risk of CH in infants. There was a positive interaction between exposure to intense heat and high concentration of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> on the occurrence of CH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1389969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T04:52:32Z","timestamp":1722228752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between PM2.5, ambient heat exposure and congenital hydronephrosis in southeastern 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