{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:29:09Z","timestamp":1753892949531,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccine clinical trials should strive to recruit a racially, socioeconomically, and ethnically diverse range of participants to ensure appropriate representation that matches population characteristics. Yet, full inclusion in research is often limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single-center retrospective study was conducted of adults enrolled at Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (Boston, MA) between July 2020 and December 2021. Demographic characteristics, including age, race, ethnicity, ZIP code, and sex assigned at birth, were analyzed from both HIV and COVID-19 vaccine trials during the study period, acknowledging the limitations to representation under these parameters. We compared the educational attainment of vaccine trial participants to residents of the Massachusetts metropolitan area, geocoded participants\u2019 addresses to their census block group, and linked them to reported median household income levels from publicly available data for 2020. Frequency and quartile analyses were carried out, and spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS Online web-based mapping software (Esri).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1030 participants from four COVID-19 vaccine trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009916 participants) and six HIV vaccine trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009114 participants) were included in the analysis. The median age was 49\u2009years (IQR 33\u201363) and 28\u2009years (IQR 24\u201334) for the COVID-19 and HIV vaccine trials, respectively. Participants identifying as White were the majority group represented for both the COVID-19 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009598, 65.3%) and HIV vaccine trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200983, 72.8%). Fewer than 25% of participants identified as Hispanic or Latin. Based on ZIP code of residence, the median household income for COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009846) was 102,088 USD (IQR\u2009=\u200981,442\u2013126,094). For HIV vaccine clinical trial participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009109), the median household income was 101,266 USD (IQR 75,052\u2013108,832).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We described the characteristics of participants enrolled for HIV and COVID-19 vaccine trials at a single center and found similitude in geographical distribution, median incomes, and proportion of underrepresented individuals between the two types of vaccine candidate trials. Further outreach efforts are needed to ensure the inclusion of individuals from lower educational and socioeconomic brackets. In addition, continued and sustained efforts are necessary to ensure inclusion of individuals from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1411970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T13:22:15Z","timestamp":1722000135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating enrollment and representation in COVID-19 and HIV vaccine clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daisy","family":"Lezo Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Koleske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omolola","family":"Ometoruwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Bai","family":"Park 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