{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:07:12Z","timestamp":1788444432409,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transnational drug trafficking, political unrest, gang violence, and paramilitarism, which are pervasive in Haiti, have resulted in a mental health crisis for the broader Haitian community. This study explores the mental well-being of Haitians in Haiti and the United States by identifying barriers and facilitators to mental health through the lived experiences of men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four Focus group discussions conducted in April and November 2023 engaged 28 participants (20 women and eight men) aged between 23 and 60\u2009years from locations in Haiti (Port-au-Prince, Cite Soleil, Cayes, Cap-Haitien, Saint-Marc) and the United States. Discussions revolved around the definition of mental health, stressors, coping mechanisms, risk and protective factors, and barriers to mental health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six principal themes emerged: 1-\n                      <jats:italic>Chronic Traumatic Stress<\/jats:italic>\n                      : continued violence, political instability, unemployment, lack of social support, adverse childhood experiences, family separation, and forced displacement were significant sources of stress. 2-\n                      <jats:italic>Increased Health Burden<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Participants reported experiencing chronic physical and psychological symptoms [i.e., hypertension, anxiety, depression, sleep issues, substance abuse, suicidal ideations, characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)], which were attributed to Haiti\u2019s social, political, and infrastructure collapse. 3-\n                      <jats:italic>Risk Factors<\/jats:italic>\n                      : limited access to mental health services, pervasive hopelessness, scarcity of opportunities, and stigma were identified as significant risks. 4-\n                      <jats:italic>Future Uncertainty<\/jats:italic>\n                      : widespread concerns regarding the future predominated. 5-\n                      <jats:italic>Multigenerational Concerns<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Significant anxiety concerning the mental health and development of children, as well as the functionality of mental health practitioners, was noted. 6-\n                      <jats:italic>Coping and Protective Factors<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Effective coping strategies include mental stimulation, peer support, managing digital consumption, engaging in leisurely activities, such as listening to music, and faith\/spirituality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study\u2019s findings underscore the sociopolitical and economic crisis in Haiti, which has resulted in violence and a dismantle of political, educational, financial, and health infrastructures. These factors were identified as the primary source of chronic distress, contributing to widespread mental health issues, adverse physical symptoms, and disruption in daily life. The implications for practice, healing, research &amp;amp; policy are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1415650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T12:53:46Z","timestamp":1727441626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The transnational mental health burden of Haiti\u2019s alleged collapse: preliminary findings from The Haitian Well-Being Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Judite","family":"Blanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niara J.","family":"Carrenard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherryn","family":"Luma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Francois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Bigdeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girardin","family":"Jean-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lunthita","family":"Duthely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Gang prison: Haiti deployment","author":"Blaise","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"To save Haitian lives, global health leaders call for solidarity","author":"Blanc","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Haitian PM tenders resign after Jamaica talks","author":"Issac","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Instead of celebrating Haitian flag day, some in Miami, New York","author":"Charles","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"To curb gang violence in Haiti, break with politics as usual","author":"Mars","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/10714839.2021.1891648","article-title":"The political anatomy of Haiti\u2019s armed gangs","volume":"53","author":"Olivier","year":"2021","journal-title":"NACLA Rep Am"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Kenya\u2019s intervention in Haiti: an interrogation of impetus, objectives, and consequences","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Casimir","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412443162","article-title":"Mental health counseling in Haiti: historical overview, current status, and plans for the future","volume":"38","author":"Nicolas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000145","article-title":"Multigenerational legacies of trauma: modeling the what and how of transmission","volume":"86","author":"Danieli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1300\/J194v05n01_11","article-title":"Intergenerational or multigenerational? 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