{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:24:03Z","timestamp":1790871843927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study comprehensively examined the correlation between unclean cooking fuels (UCF) and ocular health, covering diverse eye conditions such as cataracts, visual impairments, and ocular discomfort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to MOOSE and PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted on 28 studies from 3 databases. Literature quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity among articles was gaged with the <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> statistic, sensitivity analysis used \u2018leave-one-out test\u2019, and publication bias was evaluated using Egger, Begg tests, and funnel plot analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study evidenced a significant association between UCF exposure and cataracts [OR 2.29, 95% CI (1.24, 4.23)], visual impairments [OR 1.70, 95% CI (1.45, 2.00)], and eye diseases\/symptoms [OR 2.03, 95% CI (1.25, 3.29)]. However, no correlation was found between UCF exposure and glaucoma or elevated intraocular pressure [OR 0.96, 95% CI (0.84, 1.10), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f2]. Subgroup analysis revealed that UCF cooking had an impact on nuclear cataracts [OR 1.98, 95% CI (1.67, 2.33), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f4]. But not on cortical cataracts [OR 1.25, 95% CI (0.98, 1.60), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f3]. Additionally, UCF exposure was linked to severe visual impairments like night blindness [OR 2.03, 95% CI (1.00, 4.96)], blindness [OR 1.43, 95% CI (1.32, 1.55)], and specific ocular symptoms such as tearing while cooking (OR\u202f=\u202f3.20), eye irritation (OR\u202f=\u202f2.58), and red eyes (OR\u202f=\u202f2.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>UCF cooking had significant impact on ocular health, notably on eye symptoms, cataracts, and visual impairments. UCF exposure presented demographic inequalities in cataract prevalence, while eye symptoms can serve as a reliable self-assessment of UCF exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1434611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:24:59Z","timestamp":1738218299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Eye health risks associated with unclean fuel: a meta-analysis and systematic 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