{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:39:20Z","timestamp":1787495960099,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in devastating health and economic consequences worldwide. Vaccination has been a central pillar for COVID-19 prevention and control. Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of helminth infections on COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune responses and vaccine efficacy is crucial to the development and deployment of effective vaccination strategies in low- and middle-income countries with a high prevalence of worms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In September 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey in five\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      endemic villages in Mayuge District, Uganda (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009450). The prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths was determined by the Kato-Katz (KK) technique on two stool samples collected from each participant. A subset of individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009204) were interviewed in a COVID-19 vaccination survey. IgG levels against the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit (anti-S1 IgG) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in collected serum samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall schistosomiasis and hookworm prevalence rates in the five villages were 36.4% (166\/450) and 36.9% (168\/450), respectively. Within the cohort, 69.78% (314\/450) of the subjects had a positive anti-S1 IgG response. COVID-19 vaccination coverage among the interviewed participants was 93.14% (190\/204; 95% CI, 88.8%\u2009\u2212\u200995.9%). However, 81% (154\/190) of COVID-19 vaccinees had an anti-S1 IgG titre \u2264200. In an adolescent group receiving a single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200923), an inverse correlation was observed between anti-S1 IgG antibody level\/titre and faecal egg count. Within the above group, anti-S1 IgG levels\/titres were significantly lower in subjects with moderate or heavy\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) than those in KK-negative individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination was high, the majority of participants received only a single vaccine dose and the overall anti-S1 IgG titres in confirmed vaccinees were low. Moderate-to-heavy schistosome infections blunted the antibody responses following vaccination with a single dose of BNT162b2. These observations confirm the necessity for a second COVID-19 vaccine dose for two-dose primary immunization series and call for implementation research that may inform the development of a \u2018treat and vaccinate\u2019 policy during vaccination roll-out in regions with heavy worm burdens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1437063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T01:13:44Z","timestamp":1731892424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["COVID-19 vaccination survey and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses in a human cohort from Schistosoma mansoni-endemic villages in Mayuge District, Uganda: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mimi","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Adriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowel","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Egwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"COVID-19 Dashboard"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931309","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.931309","article-title":"Commentary: Factors associated with mortality among the COVID-19 patients treated at Gulu regional referral hospital","volume":"10","author":"Olum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Weekly bulletin on outbreaks and other emergencies. 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