{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:04:35Z","timestamp":1787979875879,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between antimony (Sb) exposure and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study of 751 adolescents aged 12\u201319 years was conducted via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013\u20132016). Survey-weighted linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship of urinary Sb exposure with HbA1c.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant relationship was observed between urinary Sb concentrations and HbA1c levels (percent change: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.42, 1.45) after full adjustment. After converting urinary Sb levels to a categorical variable by tertiles (T1\u2013T3), the highest quantile was associated with a significant increase in HbA1c (percent change: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.38, 2.53) compared to T1. The RCS models showed a monotonically increasing relationship of urinary Sb with HbA1c. Subgroup analyses revealed a sex-specific relationship between urinary Sb exposure and HbA1c with a significant positive association in males and a non-significant positive association in females. Sensitivity analyses further confirmed the relationship between urinary Sb and HbA1c, even after excluding participants who were overweight or obese (percent change: 1.58%, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.28) and those with serum cotinine levels \u2265 1 ng\/mL (percent change: 1.14%, 95% CI: 0.49, 1.80).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicated that increased Sb exposure may correlate with higher HbA1c levels, especially in male adolescents. More studies are needed to further explore and validate the potential mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1439034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T04:40:28Z","timestamp":1729140028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between antimony exposure and glycated hemoglobin levels in adolescents aged 12\u201319 years: results from the NHANES 2013\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Baoying","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenren","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiufen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7486.301","volume":"330","author":"Christie","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"2002","volume-title":"Adolescent Alcohol-Related Behaviours: Trends and Inequalities in the WHO European Region","author":"Canale","year":"2018"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123722","article-title":"Impacts of dietary macronutrient pattern on adolescent body composition and metabolic risk: current and future health status-a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32708-2","article-title":"A Lancet Commission on 70 years of women's reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in China","volume":"397","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.017","article-title":"Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans","volume":"84","author":"Poggiogalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.04.012","article-title":"Regulation of glucose metabolism - 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