{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:24:07Z","timestamp":1787909047652,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using four waves of panel data from the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) spanning from 2012 to 2018, regarding gradual reforms of the Integrated Medical Insurance Scheme (IMIS) in China as a quasi-experiment, we establish a time-varying difference-in-differences (DID) model to systematically examine the impact of IMIS on the happiness of returning migrant workers. Further, a structural equation model is employed to explore the potential mechanisms and analyze the heterogeneity of the effect. The results indicate that IMIS significantly enhances the happiness of returning migrant workers, which remains robust after a series of robustness checks. In addition, this effect operates through two potential mechanisms, economic effects and integration effects, which account for 25.59 and 29.31% of the total effect, respectively. Compared to the older generation, low-income, low-health human capital, and high-reimbursement level regions, the enhancement of happiness due to IMIS is more pronounced among the new generation, high-income, high-health human capital, and low-reimbursement level regions of returning migrant worker, which might exhibit a \u201cpro-wealth\u201d characteristic. The findings provide empirical support and policy implications for continuously improving the health insurance system, promoting the equalization of basic public services between urban and rural areas, and consistently enhancing the happiness of returning migrant workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1467256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T06:32:50Z","timestamp":1732084370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Has integrated medical insurance scheme enhanced happiness of returning migrant workers? Evidence from China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyue","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daorui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxiu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.16538\/j.cnki.jfe.20200806.101","article-title":"Return migration and resource allocation in rural revitalization: based on the micro-level analysis of return migrants\u2019 behavior","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1698.2020.05.014","article-title":"A study about IMIS under the background of population migration and changes in China","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Ther"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2022.10.005","article-title":"Return of migrant workers, educational investment in children and intergenerational mobility in China","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Econ Anal Policy"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.13821\/j.cnki.ceq.2017.01.15","article-title":"Does migration experience promote entrepreneurship in rural China?","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Econ Q"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00168-8","article-title":"Well-being over time in Britain and the USA","volume":"88","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.11.002","article-title":"Identity, inequality, and happiness: evidence from urban China","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"91","article-title":"Hukou discrimination, urban integration, and the well-being of migrant workers","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rural Econ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1006\/jcec.2001.1730","article-title":"The two-tier labor market in urban China: occupational segregation and wage differentials between urban residents and rural migrants in Shanghai","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comp Econ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1247-z","article-title":"Hukou changes and subjective well-being in China","volume":"132","author":"Tani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.15884\/j.cnki.issn.1007-0672.2023.01.003","article-title":"A study on the subjective well-being of return migrants in the context of rural revitalization: the potential effect of migration experiences","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Northwest Popul J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-9753.2012.11.005","article-title":"Income inequality, health and subjective well-being among the elderly: empirical evidence on the aging of China","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Soft Sci"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"66","article-title":"Can \"relationships\" bring happiness? --empirical evidence from rural China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Rural Econ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.19744\/j.cnki.11-1235\/f.2021.0162","article-title":"Empowering people, strengthening capacity and ensuring inclusiveness: enhancing farmers\u2019 subjective well-being in reducing relative poverty. 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