{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:27:37Z","timestamp":1791228457999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database to systematically assess the magnitude of drug use disorders (DUD) burden between 1990 and 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used GBD data to analyze the trends in ASIR, DALYs and other DUD indicators from 1990 to 2021, and compared them among different regions and countries. The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated to assess the temporal and geographical disparities. ASIR and DALYs were used to evaluate the burden of DUDs, and socio-demographic index (SDI) was used to measure the socio-economic development level of each country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global ASIR of DUDs showed a slight downward trend (EAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22120.26). The age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000) significantly declined from 1990 to 2021 (EAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.44). Among the regions, the high SDI region exhibited the most substantial increase in ASIR (EAPC\u2009=\u20090.65). On a regional level, the high-income North America region had the highest EAPC for both age-standardized DALYs and ASIR (EAPC\u2009=\u20094.82, 1.02, respectively). Nationally, the United States of America reported the largest increase in age-standardized DALY rates and EAPC for ASIR (EAPC of 4.88, 1.05, respectively), while South Africa had the most significant decrease in EAPC (EAPC of \u22123.62, \u22121.52, respectively). In 2021, the highest ASIR was observed in high-income North America at 520.07; Central Asia had the highest age-standardized DALY rate. Globally, age-standardized DALYs and ASIR for DUDs were generally higher in men than in women, and the burden of DUDs decreased with age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global burden of DUDs has shown complex and changing trends over the last decades, with large differences in burden between regions and countries. This highlights the need for targeted public health policies and interventions in High income North America region and Eastern Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1470809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T04:49:02Z","timestamp":1730177342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Global burden of drug use disorders by region and country, 1990\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103677","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years of drug use disorders for 204 countries and territories during the past 30 years","volume":"86","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000657","article-title":"Trends of the incidence of drug use disorders from 1990 to 2017: an analysis based on the global burden of disease 2017 data","volume":"29","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.01.036","article-title":"Widening gaps and disparities in the treatment of adolescent alcohol and drug use disorders","volume":"64","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","article-title":"Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00026-4","article-title":"The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders","volume":"20","author":"Swendsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.890","article-title":"Spitznagel EL.The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treat-ment outcomes","volume":"160","author":"Compton III","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1238","article-title":"Vulnerability to HIV infection among female drug users in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: across-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Ghimire","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"World drug report 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.45","article-title":"Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters","volume":"278","author":"Leshner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01542-0","article-title":"Drug addiction: from bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Cheron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.11","article-title":"Drug addiction: a critical problem calling for novel solutions","volume":"83","author":"Tyndale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases andinjuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis. -2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations,1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific fertility,mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demo-graphic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00476-8","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2477","article-title":"Changing trends in the disease burden of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies in China","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.01.02","article-title":"China changing trends of disease burden of gastric cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 and its predictions. Findings from global burden of disease study","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155366","article-title":"Global magnitude and temporal trends of idiopathic developmental intellectual disability attributable to lead exposure from 1990 to 2021: results from the global burden of disease study","volume":"834","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse","volume":"369","author":"Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14234","article-title":"Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report","volume":"113","author":"Peacock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14034948231201895","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948231201895","article-title":"Narcotic offences and drug use disorders among young refugees in Norway","volume":"5","author":"Europa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health Suppl"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00109.x","article-title":"Gender and social roles across cultures: implications for the origins of drug addiction","volume":"14","author":"Seeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.009","article-title":"Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: concerns and strategies","volume":"81","author":"Compton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32646-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016 [published correction appears in lancet]","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw015","article-title":"Adverse effects of Cannabis on adolescent brain development: a longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Camchong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-024-01738-6","article-title":"Global trends in pharmacovigilance-related events: a 30-year analysis from the 2019 global burden of disease study","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002973","article-title":"Missing the vulnerable-inequalities in social protection in 13 sub-Saharan African countries: analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"4","author":"Chipanta","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2023.2228921","article-title":"Exploring correlates of involuntary treatment in substance use disorders: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Fogo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1470809\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T04:49:05Z","timestamp":1730177345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1470809\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1470809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1470809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"article-number":"1470809"}}