{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:02:14Z","timestamp":1778695334988,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Access and uptake of COVID-19 vaccine by persons with disabilities remains largely unknown in low-and middle-income countries, despite the unique barriers they face, their special vulnerabilities and higher risk to severe outcomes. We aimed to identify behavioral and social predictors of COVID-19 uptake among persons with disability in Kenya. A convergent parallel mixed method study design was conducted among 792 persons with disability in four regions (counties) in Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to identify the respondents from the National Council for Persons with Disabilities Registration database. Quantitative data were analyzed using STATA statistical analysis software (version 14). Chi-square (<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and Fisher's exact tests were used to test for differences in categorical variables; and multivariate regression analysis done to ascertain the factors that influence the uptake of COVID-19 among persons with disabilities in Kenya. Qualitative data from 7 Focus Group Discussions and 4 Key Informant Interviews were transcribed and themes developed using the Behavioral and Social Drivers of vaccination framework by the World Health Organization. Approximately 59% of persons with disabilities reported to be fully vaccinated with significant disparities noted among those with cognition (34.2%) and self-care (36.6%) impairments. Key predictors of vaccine uptake included confidence in vaccine benefits (Odds ratio [OR]; 11.3, 95% CI[5.2\u201324.2]), health worker recommendation (OR; 2.6 [1.8\u20133.7]), employment (OR; 2.1 [1.4\u20133.1]), perceived risk (OR; 2.0 [1.3\u20133.1]), age 18\u201324 years (OR; 0.18 [0.09\u20130.36]), and rural area of residence (OR; 0.48 [0.29\u20130.79]). The primary reasons for low uptake included perceived negative vaccine effects and lack of adequate information. Qualitative findings revealed unique motivations for vaccination among persons with disabilities (PWDs), including safeguarding against risks from assistive devices and the influence of political leaders. Barriers included perceived vaccine effects, transportation challenges, and limited access to trusted information, highlighting the need for targeted sensitization, improved healthcare worker engagement, and collaboration with PWD organizations. Subsequent vaccination deployments should map and reach people in all disability domains through relevant institutions of PWDs and localized vaccination campaigns. Related communication strategies should leverage the credibility and trust in health workers and behavior change techniques that inspire confidence in vaccines to improve vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1472677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1734011162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Behavioral and social predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among persons with disabilities in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Josphat Martin","family":"Muchangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rogers","family":"Moraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarim","family":"Omogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abrar","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheillah","family":"Simiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Bolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennah","family":"Kanyangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehema","family":"Mwema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Bukania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kosgei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126178","article-title":"Lockdown-related disparities experienced by people with disabilities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: scoping review with thematic analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jesus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784450","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2021.784450","article-title":"A scoping review of barriers and facilitators affecting the lives of people with disabilities during COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Croft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.007","article-title":"Global COVID-19 vaccine inequity: the scope, the impact, and the challenges","volume":"29","author":"Asundi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00291720","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00291720","article-title":"Persons with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: guaranteeing fundamental rights and equity in care","volume":"37","author":"Saldanha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cadernos Saude Publ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081","article-title":"Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007\u20132012","volume":"32","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.088","article-title":"Barriers to vaccination in Latin America: asystematic literature review","volume":"38","author":"Guzm\u00e1n-Holst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010110","article-title":"Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: a systematic review of associated social and behavioral factors","volume":"10","author":"Shakeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.040","article-title":"Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy - A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Jarrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"COVID-19.\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B10","year":"2021","journal-title":"National COVID-19 Vaccines Deployment and Vaccination Plan"},{"key":"B11","year":"2021","journal-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions: A 15-Country Study"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Kenya COVID-19 Vaccination Program - Daily Situation Report\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01766-6","article-title":"Promoting equity in health emergencies through health systems strengthening: lessons learned from disability inclusion in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.33","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination rates in hospitalized mentally ill patients compared to the general population in Germany: Results from the COVID \u03a8 Vac study","volume":"65","author":"Wiegand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Psychiat."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320222711.08232022en","article-title":"People with Disabilities and COVID-19 in the state of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil: between invisibility and lack of Public Policies","volume":"27","author":"de Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"209","article-title":"Understanding the behavioral and social drivers of vaccine uptake WHO position paper - May 2022","volume":"97","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"viii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mapping Laws, Policies and Programmes on Access and Enjoyment of Gender and Minority Rights in Kenya: Nairobi County"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233668","article-title":"Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia","volume":"15","author":"Azlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs211592572","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes between vaccinated versus non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients","volume":"32","author":"Safdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Health Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7039a2","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination status, intent, and perceived access for noninstitutionalized adults, by disability status - national immunization survey adult COVID module, United States, May 30-June 26, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Ryerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity Mort Weekly Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47203\/IJCH.2021.v33i01.001","article-title":"Have we forgotten about the Person with Disabilities for COVID 19 Vaccination \u2013 a need of the hour!!!","volume":"33","author":"Boratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Commun Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.46405\/ejms.v3i2.294","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on people with disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Pant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europas J Med Sci."},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"PAHO pilot program aims to improve Covid-19 vaccine uptake for persons with disability in the Americas\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-61.1.16","article-title":"The role of information and knowledge in COVID-19 vaccination among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families","volume":"61","author":"Lineberry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intellect Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211058733","article-title":"Ensuring equitable COVID-19 vaccination for people with disabilities and their caregivers","volume":"137","author":"Wiggins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00904-4","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine behaviour intentions among the youth in Kenya: a cross-sectional study","volume":"80","author":"Osur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101178","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine perceptions in New York State's intellectual and developmental disabilities community","volume":"15","author":"Iadarola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Health J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S276771","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia: a web-based national survey","volume":"13","author":"Al-Mohaithef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20226-9","article-title":"Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080936","article-title":"Assessing the level and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine confidence in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Orangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191576","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2191576","article-title":"Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and safety and its effect on vaccine uptake in Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Mtei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010022","article-title":"The role of risk perception in students' COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Hilverda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.09.017","article-title":"Self-reported influences on willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccines among physically ill, mentally ill, and healthy individuals","volume":"155","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.01.014","article-title":"Behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination in the United States, August\u2013November 2021","volume":"64","author":"Bonner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.06.016","article-title":"Geographic heterogeneity in behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"63","author":"Masters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S306654","article-title":"Predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccination among the population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a survey study","volume":"14","author":"Alobaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Denmark campaign rebuilds confidence in HPV vaccination\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101223","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among Americans with disabilities aged 18-65: an exploratory analysis","volume":"15","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Health J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043102","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2043102","article-title":"A longitudinal study of vaccine hesitancy attitudes and social influence as predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US","volume":"18","author":"Latkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633550","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.633550","article-title":"Levels of trust in information sources as a predictor of protective health behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic: a UAE cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Figueiras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.22.2618","article-title":"Trust and sources of health information: the impact of the Internet and its implications for health care providers: findings from the first Health Information National Trends Survey","volume":"165","author":"Hesse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14414","DOI":"10.2196\/14414","article-title":"Sources of health information and their impacts on medical knowledge perception among the Saudi Arabian population: cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Alduraywish","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B43","article-title":"The usage and trustworthiness of various health information sources in the united arab emirates: an online national cross-sectional survey","volume-title":"Healthcare","author":"Almaazmi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0805-7","article-title":"Odds of talking to healthcare providers as the initial source of healthcare information: updated cross-sectional results from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)","volume":"19","author":"Swoboda","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2021.2011674","article-title":"\u2018Why should i take the covid-19 vaccine after recovering from the disease?","volume":"116","author":"Iliyasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens Global Health."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06392-1vspace","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Egyptian healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"El-Sokkary","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2022.100219vspace","article-title":"mixed methods study of health care professionals' attitudes towards vaccination in 15 countries","volume":"12","author":"Alasmari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Authoritative vs. credible sources of COVID health information: When necessary is not sufficient","volume":"10","author":"Allegrante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E749","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00099-1","article-title":"A three-tiered approach to address barriers to COVID-19 vaccine delivery in the Black community","volume":"9","author":"Abdul-Mutakabbir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1472677\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T13:46:24Z","timestamp":1734011184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1472677\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1472677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1472677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"article-number":"1472677"}}