{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:46:16Z","timestamp":1793666776464,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As China is one of the countries with the highest recorded cases of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs), these diseases have also emerged as a serious public health concern. Biosimilars, potentially lower-cost versions of biologics, may improve access to more affordable yet comparably effective treatments. Encouragingly, China launched its abbreviated biosimilar pathway in 2015, and since then, a large number of biosimilars have been approved. However, systematic studies on the therapeutic efficacy and economic impact of IMIDs biosimilars are lacking in China. This study aims to assess the clinical benefits (including efficacy\/effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity), cost and uptake of adalimumab biosimilars, tocilizumab biosimilars, and infliximab biosimilars compared with their reference biologics in patients with IMIDs in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IMIDs biosimilars and their reference drugs approved in China between 2015 and 2024 were identified. Head-to-head randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and real-world cohort studies on adalimumab, tocilizumab and infliximab and their biosimilars for the treatment of IMIDs were assessed. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, <jats:uri>Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:uri>, and Listed Drug Database of China National Medical Products Administration were searched for clinical trials and cohort studies on biosimilars for IMIDs from their inception to November 1, 2024. We evaluated the monthly treatment costs and quarterly uptakes of these biosimilars and their reference biologics in China. Besides, we simulated the impact of biosimilar substitution in different scenarios. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of treatments, including pooled risk ratios (RR) for ACR20 for rheumatoid arthritis, ASAS20 for ankylosing spondylitis, and PASI for plaque psoriasis, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), with 95% credible intervals (CrIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 12 RCTs involving 5,717 patients with IMIDs were analyzed, including 12 approved biosimilars of adalimumab, infliximab, and tocilizumab. The primary endpoints of adalimumab (7 RCTs with 3,174 patients; RR, 1.02; 95% CrI, 0.99\u20131.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.33), infliximab (3 RCTs with 1,291 patients; RR, 1.02; 95% CrI, 0.94\u20131.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.98), tocilizumab (2 RCTs with 1,252 patients; RR, 1.01, 95% CrI, 0.94\u20131.08) met equivalence with reference biologics. Additionally, there was no significant difference between biosimilars and their reference biologics in the secondary endpoints. Overall, biosimilars demonstrated comparable safety (TEAEs: RR, 0.99; 95% CrI, 0.95\u20131.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.44) (SAEs: RR, 0.80; 95% CrI, 0.42\u20131.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.50) and immunogenicity (ADA: RR, 1.00; 95% CrI, 0.95\u20131.04, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.85) (Nabs: RR, 0.93; 95% CrI, 0.82\u20131.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.25) profiles to reference biologics. These findings were consistent with the cohort studies. In 2024, IMIDs biosimilars are available at 63 to 82% of the price per unit of the reference drugs, with uptake rates of 16.5 to 72.1% in China. Patients with IMIDs using these biosimilars could save between $874 and $2,184 per month in treatment costs, equivalent to 1.8 to 7.0 times the <jats:italic>per capita<\/jats:italic> monthly disposable income in China in 2024. Simulation showed that with 100% biosimilar substitution, savings would increase to $22.98\u202fM, $33.83\u202fM, and $3.82 M for adalimumab, infliximab, and tocilizumab, respectively. This would enable treatment for an additional 6,700, 9,863, and 4,373 patients, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed that IMID biosimilars in China provide clinical benefits comparable to their reference biologics evidenced by high-quality RCTs and cohort studies with offer significant cost savings in China. Encouraging China\u2019s national volume-based procurement and multi-stakeholder collaboration may help accelerate the substitution of IMIDs biosimilars.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1476213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:46:41Z","timestamp":1733294801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Assessment of clinical benefit, cost and uptake of biosimilars versus reference biologics in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziling","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00603-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory disease therapeutics: past, present and future","volume":"21","author":"McInnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00834-4","article-title":"The role of platelets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Scherlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1","article-title":"Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"389","author":"McInnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3541-4_6","article-title":"Triazole antifungal quantification for therapeutic drug monitoring in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS): Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconazole, and Hydroxyitraconazole","volume":"2737","author":"Girton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2322","article-title":"Cost to Medicare of delayed adalimumab biosimilar availability","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1285","article-title":"The US biosimilar market: stunted growth and possible reforms","volume":"105","author":"Sarpatwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e575","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30485-X","article-title":"Improving oncology biosimilar launches in the EU, the USA, and Japan: an updated policy review from the southern network on adverse reactions","volume":"21","author":"Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"European public assessment reports","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Biosimilars","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. 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