{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:55:59Z","timestamp":1792540559920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a globally popular physical activity, swimming also presents challenges due to its inherent aquatic risks. Therefore, the cultivation of swimming competence emerges as a crucial strategy in preventing drowning incidents. This study aimed to develop and validate the Swimming Competence Assessment Scale in College Students (SCAS) to address the gap in structured swimming proficiency evaluation, essential for drowning prevention and water safety education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research involved 160 full-time second-year college students, including 92 males (age:<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn>20.48<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.51<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>) and 68 females (age:<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn>20.65<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.70<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>), who underwent two swimming ability assessments. The evaluation covered fundamental swimming skills, including entry, submersion, rotation, prone and supine swimming, floating, and exiting the water.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed goodness-of-fit for a two-factor model swimming coherent motion and swimming stable posture, which supported the construct validity. The inter-factor construct reliability (CR\u2009=\u20090.866, CR\u2009=\u20090.835) and the square root of Average Variance Extracted (<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msqrt><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009=\u20090.754, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msqrt><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009=\u20090.848) exceeded the standards for supporting convergent and discriminant validity. The inter-rater reliability (IRR\u2009=\u20090.542) and Cronbach\u2019s alpha (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.840, \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.827) coefficient results have demonstrated the internal reliability of the SACS. Positive correlation between SCAS scores at pre-test and post-test provided evidence for SCAS\u2019s test\u2013retest reliability (TRR\u2009=\u20090.825, TRR\u2009=\u20090.758).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SCAS is a valid and reliable assessment scale. It assesses college students\u2019 swimming competence through two aspects: Swimming Coherent Motion and Swimming Stable Posture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1476732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T06:42:22Z","timestamp":1732689742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the structural validity and reliability of the swimming competence assessment scale in college students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"WHA resolution - accelerated action on global drowning prevention","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Clear link between drowning prevention and education","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.16265\/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2017.03.002","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing students water high-risk practices based on grounded theory","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Safety Sci J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.6063\/motricidade.3(4).656","article-title":"Ensino multidisciplinar em nata\u00e7\u00e3o: reflex\u00e3o metodol\u00f3gica e proposta de lista de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"3","author":"Canossa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.05.03.02","article-title":"Considering drowning, drowning prevention, and learning to swim","volume":"5","author":"Langendorfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Aquat Res Educ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.09.01.03","article-title":"Toward defining water competency: an American red cross definition","volume":"9","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Aquat Res Educ"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Assessment of swimming performance of preschool children","volume-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","author":"Erbaugh","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.06.02.04","article-title":"Can you swim? 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