{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:06:00Z","timestamp":1790960760355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV) commonly cause infectious vaginitis in women, especially those of reproductive age. Characterization of the epidemiology of infectious vaginitis in a contemporary population-based cohort was done to determine the longitudinal age-standardized and sex-based testing, positivity, and incidence rates and ratios of infectious vaginitis in a large Canadian healthcare region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population-based cohort study from March 2015 through March 2018 using the Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL) microbiology database. Calgary 2016 census data was used to calculate incidence rates (IR) and ratios (IRR) for cases and testing rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For testing and positivity, female sex, and younger age groups were associated with increased risk of BV, VVC, and TV infections. The annual mean population in 2016 was 1,411,660 individuals (50.3% female). A total of 40,259 cases\/293,853 tests (13.7%) of BV, 32,894 cases\/293,853 tests (11.2%) of VVC, and 2018 cases\/342,986 tests (0.7%) of TV were identified. The overall IR for BV ranged from 0 to 609 cases per 10,000 person-years. The overall IR for VVC ranged from 0 to 445 per 10,000 person-years. The overall IR for TV ranged from 0 to 27 per 10,000 person-years. The highest age-specific testing positivity rate and IR rate for BV and VVC occurred in women aged 20\u201334\u202fyears and 20\u201334\u202fyears. For TV, female IR for BV, VVC, and TV remained stable during the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These unique regional data provide insight for the development of appropriate age-specific clinical testing criteria according to relative risk of acquisition of each vaginitis agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1486356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T01:53:37Z","timestamp":1740448417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the epidemiology of vaginitis in a contemporary cohort: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Church","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Naugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjani","family":"Somayaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-017-0558-9","article-title":"Syndromic diagnosis in evaluation of women with symptoms of vaginitis","volume":"19","author":"Nwankwo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2022.10.009","article-title":"Infectious vaginitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"107","author":"Shroff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.11.1368","article-title":"Evaluation of vaginal complaints","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418785451","article-title":"2018 European (IUSTI\/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge","volume":"29","author":"Sherrard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.09.022","article-title":"Evaluation and management of vaginitis","volume":"97","author":"Marnach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.6375","article-title":"Common causes of vaginitis","volume":"327","author":"Leclair","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57 20190826","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00300-19","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of vaginitis: comparing quantitative PCR and microbiome profiling approaches to current microscopy scoring","volume":"57","author":"Lynch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(98)70442-9","article-title":"Few microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis may constitute the pathologic core: a population-based microbiologic study among 3596 pregnant women","volume":"178","author":"Thorsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137723","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01377-23","article-title":"Interpretation of vaginal metagenomic characteristics in different types of vaginitis","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201210","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.567885","article-title":"The association between vaginal microbiota Dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and aerobic vaginitis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes of women living in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Juliana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-016-0074-5","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections","volume":"3","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.016","article-title":"Association of Bacterial Vaginosis with Chlamydia and Gonorrhea among Women in the U.S. Army","volume":"52","author":"Bautista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180525","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00252-18","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of a molecular test versus clinician assessment of vaginitis","volume":"56","author":"Schwebke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200128","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01643-19","article-title":"Clinical validation of the Aptima bacterial vaginosis and Aptima Candida\/trichomonas vaginitis assays: results from a prospective multicenter clinical study","volume":"58","author":"Schwebke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03694-w","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of two molecular assays for the detection of vaginitis in symptomatic women","volume":"39","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00671-08","article-title":"Evaluation of the OSOM trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection","volume":"46","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Methods in observational epidemiology","author":"Kelsey","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340500432655","article-title":"Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: a population-based study on Danish women","volume":"85","author":"Thorsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.04.007","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of bacterial vaginosis during the first trimester of pregnancy in a large French population-based study","volume":"163","author":"Desseauve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416674427","article-title":"Examining Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae rates between 2010 and 2015: a population-based observational study","volume":"28","author":"Somayaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b38a4b","article-title":"Trichomoniasis and other sexually transmitted infections: results from the 2001-2004 National Health and nutrition examination surveys","volume":"36","author":"Allsworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000179874.76360.ad","article-title":"The prevalence of trichomoniasis in young adults in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000650","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence and correlates in women and men attending STI clinics in Western Canada","volume":"44","author":"Gratrix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-051010","article-title":"Low positivity rate after systematic screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in three patient cohorts from general practitioners, STI clinic and a national population-based chlamydia screening study","volume":"89","author":"Geelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu446","article-title":"Added benefit of nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis among men and women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic","volume":"59","author":"Muzny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i139","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i139","article-title":"Geographical variations in the epidemiology of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in Manitoba, Canada","volume":"78","author":"Elliott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115953","article-title":"Evaluation of the Aptima BV and CV\/TV assays compared to conventional laboratory based testing methods for the diagnosis of vaginitis","volume":"106","author":"Caza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1486356\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T01:53:40Z","timestamp":1740448420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1486356\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1486356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1486356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"article-number":"1486356"}}