{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:44:56Z","timestamp":1787939096973,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is a transmitted respiratory pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality in children, especially those under 5\u202fyears of age. During the implementation of population control measures for COVID-19 in mainland China, the <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> detection rate in pediatric patients decreased. However, with the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022), the incidence of pneumococcal disease (PD) and even invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) began to rise again.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted from August 2022 to September 2023 at a national regional medical center based mainly in West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University. The demographic and clinical characteristics of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>-infected pediatric patients were analyzed. All <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates were subjected to standardized clinical sample inoculation, culture, subculture, and identification procedures. Next-generation sequencing and analysis were used to determine serotypes and sequence types (STs) and evaluate antibiotic resistance- and virulence-related genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined in AST dishes via the broth microdilution method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalent serotypes in the IPD patients were 14, 6A, and 23F, and the prevalent serotypes in the NIPD patients were 19F and 6A. A significant difference in the proportion of patients with serotype 14 was noted between the two groups. A total of 23 STs were identified and classified into 13 different GPSC lineages, including 4 novel STs (ST18449, ST18451, ST18464 and ST18466) and 1 novel allele (<jats:italic>ddl<\/jats:italic>1209). According to the interpretation breakpoints for non-meningitis infections, the resistance\/nonsusceptibility rates of invasive isolates were as follows: penicillin (0.0%\/8.3%), amoxicillin (0.0%\/0.0%), cefotaxime (8.3%\/16.6%), ceftriaxone (8.3%\/8.3%), and cefepime (0.0%\/8.3%). The resistance\/nonsusceptibility rates of invasive isolates according to the meningitis breakpoints were as follows: penicillin (100.0%), cefotaxime (16.7%\/33.4%), ceftriaxone (8.3%\/50.0%), and cefepime (8.3%\/66.7%). All the isolates were susceptible to rifampicin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid and vancomycin. In addition, the characteristics of the antibiotic resistance-related genes and virulence genes of serotype 19F were significantly different from those of the other serotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data provide valuable information for understanding pediatric pneumococcal disease during the second outbreak of COVID-19 in Southwest China and will contribute to the prevention and treatment of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1490401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T06:36:33Z","timestamp":1733812593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibiotic susceptibility testing and molecular characterization based on whole-genome sequencing of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from pediatric infections at the National Regional Medical Center of Southwest China during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0001-8","article-title":"Streptococcus 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