{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:40:00Z","timestamp":1792698000528,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis and its derivatives show encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various diseases. However, further studies are needed to better assess their efficacy and safety. A promising base for research in the field of medicine and additional pharmacovigilance is social networks, in which experience and knowledge are exchanged between researchers, doctors, and patients, as well as information about the potential risks and benefits of using drugs for medical purposes is disseminated. The aim of this study was to investigate the reported efficiency and safety of medical use of cannabinoids in patients using posts on the social media Instagram and analyze the observed trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media listening platform Apify was used to collect data with hashtags as of June 4, 2024, including posts from 2023 and 2024, with some data extending into later periods, in compliance with a systematic approach to data collection. The analysis of the data obtained from the research was conducted using the RStudio platform.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis covered 1,466 posts containing hashtags related to cannabinoids. The posts studied were categorized as follows: 33.08% focused on advertising and commercialization, 25.58% on personal experience, 21.35% on other topics, and 19.99% contained educational content. An analysis of overall content relevance found that the majority of Instagram posts (81.79%) related to cannabis and cannabinoid hashtags are relevant. Most of the Instagram posts studied were posters, followed by personal photos and videos. The analysis shows that English dominates the studied category (70.74% of posts), while German, French, Spanish, and other languages also occupy a significant place, emphasizing the importance of a multilingual approach in content analysis. It has been revealed that organizations publish a larger percentage of posts under this study, with a higher percentage of relevance. Personal experience stories receive a significant number of \u201clikes\u201d indicating a strong emotional connection between audience and content. Instagram discussions about cannabinoid treatment support evidence from scientific studies about their effectiveness in treating a range of diseases, such as epilepsy with Lennox\u2013Gastaut and Dravet syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV-cachexia, nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. At the same time, they emphasize the need for further clinical studies to better assess safety, side effects, and optimal dosages. Advertising and commercial posts can contribute to increased cannabis use, highlighting the need to raise awareness of risks and strengthen preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of content on the social media Instagram can complement traditional scientific research by providing information on the real use of cannabis and its derivatives, contributing to the development of safe and effective recommendations for its use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1494018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T01:48:20Z","timestamp":1733276900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Efficiency and safety of cannabinoid medical use: an analysis of discussions and observed trends on Instagram"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olena","family":"Litvinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wochele-Thoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maima","family":"Matin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay T.","family":"Tzvetkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Adamska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141api\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Stolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atanas G.","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.04.011","article-title":"History of Cannabis regulation and medicinal therapeutics: it\u2019s complicated","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.21-00462","article-title":"The Cannabis policy scale: a new research and surveillance tool for U.S","volume":"83","author":"Blanchette","year":"2022","journal-title":"States J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.001","article-title":"Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products \u2013 regulations in Europe and North America","volume":"49","author":"Abuhasira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-02969-z","article-title":"Key elements of legal environments for medical use of cannabis in different countries","volume":"62","author":"Kn\u00f6ss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-019-0004-y","article-title":"Molecular neuroscience at its \u201chigh\u201d: bibliometric analysis of the most cited papers on endocannabinoid system, cannabis and cannabinoids","volume":"1","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"The health effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research, The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5007","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413210111","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate midbrain dopamine neuronal activity and dopamine-related behavior in mice","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.754426","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid receptors\u2019 polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of human diseases","volume":"17","author":"Vasileiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0929-7855(96)01507-6","article-title":"Endogenous cannabinoid ligands \u2014 chemical and biological studies","volume":"14","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050884","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1050884","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals","volume":"9","author":"Miranda-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.05.003","article-title":"Cannabinoids and pain: sites and mechanisms of action","volume":"80","author":"Starowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh110","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology","volume":"40","author":"Rodr\u00edguez De Fonseca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1684-7","article-title":"Localization of cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and PPAR\u03b1 in the canine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"150","author":"Galiazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705667","article-title":"Cannabinoids and neuroinflammation","volume":"141","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0073","article-title":"Immune responses regulated by Cannabidiol","volume":"5","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1124","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in epilepsy treatment: a critical review of efficacy results from clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Nabbout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05712-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol: pharmacology and therapeutic targets","volume":"238","author":"Britch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1135","article-title":"The proposed mechanisms of action of CBD in epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063344","article-title":"Cannabinoids: therapeutic use in clinical practice","volume":"23","author":"Pagano","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072348","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072348","article-title":"Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies","volume":"382","author":"Solmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103431","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of cannabinoids on sleep health and pain in patients with chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"48","author":"McParland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02459-1","article-title":"Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications","volume":"20","author":"Bilbao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109330","article-title":"The use of cannabinoids in children with epilepsy: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"Da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230727094431","article-title":"Nabiximols is efficient as add-on treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis spasticity refractory to standard treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Kleiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"CN"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.2022d689","article-title":"Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"68","author":"Silvinato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29091981","article-title":"CBD in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"Borowicz-Reutt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S335","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.572","article-title":"P448 Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Doeve","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohn's Colitis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102439","article-title":"Cannabinoid therapeutic effects in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Vinci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245471","article-title":"Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa\u2019s pharmacological properties and health effects: a scoping review of current evidence","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706406","article-title":"Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years","volume":"147","author":"Pertwee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0114-4","article-title":"An update of current cannabis-based pharmaceuticals in pain medicine","volume":"8","author":"Urits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"British National Formulary: September 2022-March 2023","year":""},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"British National Formulary for children: September 2022-2023","year":""},{"key":"ref34","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref38","author":"Pascual","year":""},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e808","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00205-5","article-title":"Cannabis use and public health: time for a comprehensive harm-to-others framework","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001929","article-title":"Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicine for pain management: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"162","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108680","article-title":"Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes \u2013 comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite","volume":"196","author":"Spanagel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2021.03.013","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular toxicity of medical cannabinoids","volume":"61","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13627","article-title":"Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"293","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00063","article-title":"Cannabidiol drugs clinical trial outcomes and adverse effects","volume":"11","author":"Pauli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1125","article-title":"Adverse effects of cannabinoids","volume":"22","author":"Anciones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267420","article-title":"Cannabinoids versus placebo for pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial sequential analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barakji","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101340","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of cannabinoids for acute pain management after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07662-1","article-title":"MASCC guideline: cannabis for cancer-related pain and risk of harms and adverse events","volume":"31","author":"To","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-021-00882-2","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of natural and synthetic cannabinoids in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of open-label trials and observational studies","volume":"38","author":"Pisani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2022.10.003","article-title":"A systematic review of medical cannabinoids dosing in human","volume":"44","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0045","article-title":"Cannabis as an anticancer agent: a review of clinical data and assessment of case reports","volume":"7","author":"Guggisberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0059","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"DeVuono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.37349\/edht.2024.00019","article-title":"Social media applications in biomedical research","volume":"2","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor Digit Health Technol"},{"key":"ref55","year":""},{"key":"ref56","year":""},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27297","DOI":"10.2196\/27297","article-title":"Infant safe sleep practices as portrayed on Instagram: observational study","volume":"4","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr Parent"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2458\/lymph.4728","article-title":"A new era of seeking knowledge for #lymphedema on social media: a detailed Instagram hashtag analysis","volume":"54","author":"Tu\u011fral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2022.2051517","article-title":"Language learning affordances of Instagram and TikTok","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov Lang Learn Teach"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/10852352.2021.1908205","article-title":"How did individuals on Instagram discuss COVID-19 in the month following official pandemic status? A examination of user content","volume":"49","author":"Meleo-Erwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prev Interv Community"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14886","article-title":"Content analysis of oral (mouth) cancer-related posts on Instagram","volume":"30","author":"Al Karadsheh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/21604851.2024.2328405","article-title":"Challenges of #bodypositivity: social media and hashtag activism","volume":"13","author":"Khonach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fat Stud"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20429-6_9","article-title":"What people post during the movement control order (MCO): a content analysis of Intagram\u2019s top posts","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on emerging technologies and intelligent systems","author":"Goh","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development for R","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734612","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.734612","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for rare, early-onset, treatment-resistant epileptic conditions: a literature review on Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and CDKL5 deficiency disorder","volume":"12","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114238","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of cannabidiol for pediatric refractory epilepsy indications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"359","author":"Talwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02770-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of medical cannabinoids in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Treves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231207755","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and adverse effects of cannabidiol in adjuvant treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239126","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9126","article-title":"Adverse events of Cannabidiol use in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Fazlollahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00708-6","article-title":"Adjunctive Cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety","volume":"34","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200149","DOI":"10.47626\/2237-6089-2020-0149","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoid use in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Silva Junior","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.016","article-title":"Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"70","author":"Gaston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517751049","article-title":"ECTRIMS\/EAN guideline on the pharmacological treatment of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Montalban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104173","article-title":"Effects of Sativex\u24c7 on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Dykukha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2018.1481066","article-title":"Sativex \u00ae as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Markov\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2023-0040","article-title":"Patient-reported benefits from nabiximols treatment in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity exceed conventional measures","volume":"14","author":"Haupts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02246-0","article-title":"Sativex\u00ae (nabiximols) cannabinoid oromucosal spray in patients with resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: the Belgian experience","volume":"21","author":"D\u2019hooghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04413-6","article-title":"Effects of THC\/CBD oromucosal spray on spasticity-related symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: results from a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"41","author":"Patti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104745","article-title":"Efficacy of nabiximols oromucosal spray on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis: treatment effects on spasticity numeric rating scale, muscle spasm count, and spastic muscle tone in two randomized clinical trials","volume":"75","author":"Nicholas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cristino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: a new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17925\/ohr.2008.04.1.19","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"4","author":"Mustian","year":"2008","journal-title":"US Oncol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.09.016","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced anorexia is accompanied by activation of brain pathways signaling dehydration","volume":"101","author":"Sinno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.09.001","article-title":"Endocannabinoid mechanisms influencing nausea","volume":"125","author":"Sticht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4397-4","article-title":"Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats","volume":"233","author":"Brierley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2864384","article-title":"Medical cannabinoids for cancer Cachexia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010100","article-title":"The safety of Dronabinol and Nabilone: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Bajtel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.107941","article-title":"Does medicinal cannabis affect depression, anxiety, and stress in people with cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies","volume":"184","author":"Crichton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4154-9","article-title":"The effect of nabilone on appetite, nutritional status, and quality of life in lung cancer patients: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Turcott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00788-w","article-title":"Preparation of a nanoemulsion containing active ingredients of cannabis extract and its application for glioblastoma: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"25","author":"Mobaleghol Eslam","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091245","article-title":"Molecular targets of minor cannabinoids in breast cancer: in Silico and in vitro studies","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP90854","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90854","article-title":"Cannabinoid combination targets NOTCH1-mutated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through the integrated stress response pathway","volume":"12","author":"Besser","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15347354241267979","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354241267979","article-title":"Inhibition of myeloma cell function by cannabinoid-enriched product associated with regulation of telomere and TP53","volume":"23","author":"Musa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8600","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46080506","article-title":"A bioinformatic analysis predicts that Cannabidiol could function as a potential inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in colorectal cancer","volume":"46","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2024","journal-title":"CIMB"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2024.07.008","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of cannabidiol on Hsp70-activated NK cells and tumor target cells","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2024009","article-title":"A review of the direct targets of the cannabinoids cannabidiol, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol","volume":"11","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMSN"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115659","article-title":"Anti-cancer and anti-proliferative potential of Cannabidiol: a cellular and molecular perspective","volume":"25","author":"Mashabela","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zqad069","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqad069","article-title":"Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel through its kinase domain","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Function"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114793","article-title":"Antinociceptive action of cannabidiol on thermal sensitivity and post-operative pain in male and female rats","volume":"459","author":"Arantes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55582","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55582","article-title":"Protective role of neuronal and lymphoid cannabinoid CB(2) receptors in neuropathic pain","volume":"9","author":"Caba\u00f1ero","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.17221\/127\/2021-VETMED","article-title":"Cannabidiol and the possibilities of its use in veterinary medicine of dogs and horses: a brief review","volume":"67","author":"Landa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002110","article-title":"Selective cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001293","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies","volume":"159","author":"Stockings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1034","article-title":"Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab050","article-title":"Nabiximols in chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Dykukha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.8522","article-title":"Dementia prevention and treatment: a narrative review","volume":"184","author":"Reuben","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3082689","article-title":"Cannabinoids and dementia: a review of clinical and preclinical data","volume":"3","author":"Walther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719892717","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Bahji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.05.002","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Nabilone for agitation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Herrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101296","article-title":"Unveiling the potential of Phytocannabinoids: exploring Marijuana\u2019s lesser-known constituents for neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6708","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126708","article-title":"Potential of CBD acting on cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Ra\u00efch","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050266","article-title":"Modulation of oxidative stress and Neuroinflammation by Cannabidiol (CBD): promising targets for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Hickey","year":"2024","journal-title":"CIMB"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2262-7837","article-title":"Cannabinoids for behavioral symptoms in dementia: an overview","volume":"57","author":"Broers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0667-2","article-title":"Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Chesney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1935879","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of nabiximols oromucosal spray: a review of more than 15 years\u201d accumulated evidence from clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Prieto Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-02073-5","article-title":"The effect of medical cannabis on cognitive functions: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Wieghorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"CN"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103828","article-title":"Adverse events of epidiolex: a real-world drug safety surveillance study based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109159","article-title":"Real-world, long-term evaluation of the tolerability and therapy retention of Epidiolex\u00ae (cannabidiol) in patients with refractory epilepsy","volume":"141","author":"Georgieva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52362","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.52362","article-title":"Neurocognitive impact of exposure to Cannabis concentrates and cannabinoids including vaping in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Saavedra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.4102","article-title":"Prevalence of adolescent Cannabis vaping: a systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies","volume":"176","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000196","article-title":"A systematic review: adolescent Cannabis use and suicide","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Disord Treat"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16280","article-title":"The impact of cannabis legalization and decriminalization on acute poisoning: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Allaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202370","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of Cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bahji","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41929","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41929","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids-related cardiovascular emergencies: a review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003","article-title":"Determining the magnitude and duration of acute \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: a systematic and meta-analytic review","volume":"126","author":"McCartney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110063","article-title":"Acute effects of partial CB1 receptor agonists on cognition \u2013 a meta-analysis of human studies","volume":"104","author":"Zhornitsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643315","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.643315","article-title":"Cannabis use and car crashes: a review","volume":"12","author":"Preuss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234765","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1234765","article-title":"Can inhaled cannabis users accurately evaluate impaired driving ability? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Hartley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100227","article-title":"Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates","volume":"10","author":"Manthey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Europe"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303818","article-title":"Lower-risk Cannabis use guidelines: a comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations","volume":"107","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2023.2222433","article-title":"#Delta8: a retailer-driven increase in Delta-8 THC discussions on twitter from 2020 to 2021","volume":"49","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14242","article-title":"Ensuring access to safe, effective, and affordable cannabis-based medicines","volume":"86","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brit J Clin Pharma"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13642","article-title":"\u2018What price do you put on your health?\u2019 Medical cannabis, financial toxicity and patient perspectives on medication access in advanced cancer","volume":"26","author":"Olson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae014","article-title":"Analysis of homemade cannabis edibles by UHPLC\u2013HRMS after standard addition method","volume":"48","author":"Thiebot","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1494018\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T01:48:26Z","timestamp":1733276906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1494018\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":135,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1494018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1494018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"article-number":"1494018"}}