{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:55:49Z","timestamp":1788382549167,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, which began worldwide around March 2020, has had an impact on hearing health, specifically tinnitus and hearing loss. Physiologically, COVID-19 infection, or medication used to treat the infection, has been reported to be a potential risk factor for tinnitus onset. In addition, tinnitus was reported to be a long COVID symptom or to occur after a COVID-19 vaccination in some cases. With most reports focused on the clinical population, this study aimed to investigate how the onset of tinnitus is associated with COVID-19 infection, long COVID, and COVID-19 vaccination in the general population based on self-report, while accounting for otologic and psychological symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a cross-sectional online survey that included general demographic questions, questions about tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperacusis, emotional status, and the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Completed survey data of 1,511 respondents who reported having tinnitus or believed to have COVID-associated tinnitus were included in the analysis. Participants were categorized into four groups based on their judgment regarding the etiology of their tinnitus: (1) COVID infection group, (2) long COVID group, (3) COVID vaccination group, and (4) pre-existing tinnitus group. The results suggest that tinnitus severity (estimated using TFI scores) was significantly lower in the pre-existing tinnitus group than in any of the COVID-associated tinnitus groups. While varying factors were found to contribute to tinnitus severity among the COVID-associated groups, overall, depression and\/or anxiety accounted for the most variance in predicting tinnitus severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings highlight the need to evaluate the impact of varying otologic and psychological symptoms in individuals with COVID-associated tinnitus for better patient-centered care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1508607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T10:31:41Z","timestamp":1732617101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tinnitus and COVID-19: effect of infection, vaccination, and the 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