{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:44:37Z","timestamp":1773215077692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have analyzed information disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on common characteristics such as content formats, recurring themes, and information dissemination networks. However, in the Latin American region, there is still a gap in studying the specific characteristics of this phenomenon during the COVID-19 vaccination process, as in the Chilean case. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main characteristics of information disorder circulating in Chile during the COVID-19 vaccination process, considering key topics, actors, and media platforms involved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a quantitative content analysis of a dataset of 140 fact-checking articles related to COVID-19 vaccination, sourced from MalaEspina and FastCheck, from March 2020 to December 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified the primary characteristics of information disorders that circulated in Chile concerning the COVID-19 vaccination process. Our main findings indicated that information disorder focused on disinformation intended to cause harm through deception. The primary format used was visual and distributed across various platforms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that studying information disorder in specific topics, such as vaccination, is important to understand the phenomenon better and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1399336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:24:09Z","timestamp":1749446649000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["COVID-19 vaccine information disorder in Chile: a quantitative analysis of fact-checked articles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexis V.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Montero-Liberona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Infodemia y desinformaci\u00f3n. \u00bfQu\u00e9 sabemos de la efectividad y la eficacia de la vacuna contra\/para SARS-CoV-2\/COVID","volume":"80","author":"De Vito","year":"2020","journal-title":"MEDICINA (Buenos Aires)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4185\/RLCS-2021-1504","article-title":"Desinformaci\u00f3n, vacunas y Covid-19. 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