{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:35:18Z","timestamp":1793392518253,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low birth weight (LBW) is an early life adversity associated with various risk factors and metabolic dysfunction throughout life. However, the role of socioeconomic factors in the association between LBW and peripubertal health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains unclear. This ecological study investigated the factors contributing to LBW and its impacts in Brazil.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from the Global Health Data Exchange as summary exposure values (SEVs), which serve as a proxy for population prevalence weighted by the relative risk. Additionally, information was sourced from official Brazilian government resources covering the years 1995 to 2017, resulting in a total of 338 state-year observations applied for temporal lagged analyses. First, we tested the SEV of 1-year lagged reproductive-age population (15\u201349\u202fyears) risk factors as exposures and the SEV of LBW as an outcome. In the second temporal lagged analysis, we tested the association between the SEV of LBW as the primary exposure and the SEV of high body mass index (HBMI) in peripubertal population 10\u202fyears later as the outcome. Fixed-effects multivariable linear regression models with lags were constructed, adjusting for socioeconomic covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exposure of the reproductive-age population to smoking, alcohol, high systolic blood pressure, and HBMI was positively associated with the SEV of LBW. A diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB diet) was also positively associated, but the association disappeared when GDP per capita and access to primary care were added to the model. Regarding the repercussions of LBW, a 1-point increase in the SEV of LBW was associated with a 1.6-point increase in HBMI in the peripubertal population (95% CI: 0.66 to 2.55). However, this association disappeared after adjusting for GDP per capita and access to primary care, indicating their confounding roles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study highlights several risk factors in the adult population associated with LBW and its relationship with peripubertal HBMI. Interestingly, GDP per capita and access to primary care were found to be the socioeconomic determinants for birth outcomes as a result of exposure to the risk factors tested and the mid-term effects of LBW. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of socioeconomic factors contributing to LBW in LMICs and the need for public policies addressing healthcare and welfare to reduce the burden of LBW in LMICs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1424342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:07:43Z","timestamp":1742368063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Socioeconomic determinants of low birth weight and its association with peripubertal obesity in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Lima-Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Sim\u00f5es","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas","family":"Alves-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia C. Costa","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Marcus de Andrade","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9","article-title":"Small vulnerable newborns\u2014big potential for impact","volume":"401","author":"Ashorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a who growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14182","article-title":"Early environmental influences on the development of Children's brain structure and function","volume":"61","author":"Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.12.969","article-title":"Combination of low birth weight and high adult body mass index: at what age is it established and what are its determinants?","volume":"57","author":"Power","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32497-3","article-title":"Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality","volume":"395","author":"Popkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01026-2","article-title":"Regional trends in birth weight in low-and middle-income countries 2013\u20132018","volume":"17","author":"Marete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Unicef-who low birthweight estimates: Levels and trends 2000\u20132015","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0354-0","article-title":"Women\u2019s lifelong exposure to neighborhood poverty and low birth weight: A population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2204135119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204135119","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress and neonatal white matter connectivity at birth","volume":"119","author":"Lean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21791","article-title":"Developmental responses to early-life adversity: evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol Anthropol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609179","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2021.609179","article-title":"Double burden of malnutrition and inequalities in the nutritional status of adults: A population-based study in Brazil, 2019","volume":"66","author":"Meller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.02.008","article-title":"Excess weight in adolescents and associated factors: data from the Erica study","volume":"97","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Sa\u00fade","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100042","article-title":"Income inequality and non-communicable disease mortality and morbidity in Brazil states: A longitudinal analysis 2002-2017","volume":"2","author":"Gaspar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Regl Health Am"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00090-9","article-title":"The shape of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States: evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study","volume":"6","author":"Backlund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003357","article-title":"Primary healthcare expansion and mortality in Brazil\u2019s urban poor: A cohort analysis of 1.2 million adults","volume":"17","author":"Hone","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-14-10","article-title":"The impact of Brazil\u2019s Bolsa Fam\u00edlia conditional cash transfer program on Children\u2019s health care utilization and health outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Shei","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical Computing","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8779","article-title":"Selection of variables for multivariable models: opportunities and limitations in quantifying model stability by resampling","volume":"40","author":"Wallisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041213","article-title":"Maternal obesity and risk of low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, and macrosomia: multiple analyses","volume":"13","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(03)00003-3","article-title":"Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical outcomes up to 5 years of age: A longitudinal study","volume":"71","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05344-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions for pregnant women: A systematic literature review and Meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033465","article-title":"Effects of maternal Smoking on body size and proportions at birth: A register-based cohort study of 1.4 million births","volume":"10","author":"Rumrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13300","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13300","article-title":"Dietary diversity and diet quality with gestational weight gain and adverse birth outcomes, results from a prospective pregnancy cohort study in urban Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061627","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy body mass index in relation to infant birth weight and offspring overweight\/obesity: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.3.536","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to alcohol: effect on infant growth and morphologic characteristics","volume":"84","author":"Day","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1505508","article-title":"Exposure to tobacco smoke and low birth weight: from epidemiology to metabolomics","volume":"15","author":"Dess\u00ec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01570-x","article-title":"The association between blood pressure control in women during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: the Tmm Birthree cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Ishikuro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113504","article-title":"Smoking and Smoking cessation in the risk for fetal growth restriction and low birth weight and additive effect of maternal obesity","volume":"9","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s40610-017-0083-5","article-title":"Male obesity: epigenetic origin and effects in sperm and offspring","volume":"3","author":"Houfflyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvy007","article-title":"Pohad: why we should study future fathers","volume":"4","author":"Soubry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105185","article-title":"Paternal programming of offspring health","volume":"150","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.162","article-title":"Relationships between pregnancy outcomes, biochemical markers and pre-pregnancy body mass index","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000152304.39492.1c","article-title":"Obesity-related complications in Danish single cephalic term pregnancies","volume":"105","author":"Rode","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.09.005","article-title":"Use of spline regression in an analysis of maternal Prepregnancy body mass index and adverse birth outcomes: does it tell us more than we already know?","volume":"18","author":"Gilboa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-010-0596-5","article-title":"Assessment of the Institute of Medicine Recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy: Florida, 2004\u20132007","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy031","article-title":"A three-generation study on the Association of Tobacco Smoking with asthma","volume":"47","author":"Accordini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6676.795","article-title":"Effects on birth weight of Smoking, alcohol, caffeine, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial stress","volume":"298","author":"Brooke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1982.tb04998.x","article-title":"Maternal drinking behavior and decreased intrauterine growth","volume":"6","author":"Kuzma","year":"1982","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref44","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"CD000032","article-title":"Energy and protein intake in pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Kramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa172","article-title":"Maternal dietary diversity and dietary quality scores in relation to adverse birth outcomes in Tanzanian women","volume":"112","author":"Madzorera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.031567","article-title":"Association between intake of artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened beverages and preterm delivery: A large prospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Englund-\u00d6gge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2023-0163","article-title":"The impact of poverty and socioeconomic status on brain, behaviour, and development: A unified framework","volume":"35","author":"Abo Hamza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608122950701","article-title":"Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy","volume":"295","author":"Ravelli","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(42)91858-0","article-title":"Fibroblastic overgrowth of persistent tunica Vasculosa Lentis in infants born prematurely: ii. Report of cases\u2014clinical aspects","volume":"40","author":"Terry","year":"1942","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01067-6","article-title":"Interactions between a polygenic risk score for plasma docosahexaenoic fatty acid concentration, eating behaviour, and body composition in children","volume":"46","author":"Jaramillo-Ospina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222141","article-title":"The effect of birth weight on body composition: evidence from a birth cohort and a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.151","article-title":"Altered fat tissue distribution in young adult men who had low birth weight","volume":"28","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3367","article-title":"A gene-based association method for mapping traits using reference transcriptome data","volume":"47","author":"Gamazon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234601","article-title":"Predicted Drd4 prefrontal gene expression moderates snack intake and stress perception in response to the environment in adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Portella","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704392","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.704392","article-title":"Associations among parental caregiving quality, cannabinoid receptor 1 expression-based polygenic scores, and infant-parent attachment: evidence for differential genetic susceptibility?","volume":"15","author":"Potter-Dickey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31809","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i9.31809","article-title":"Inseguran\u00e7a Alimentar Em Tempos De Pandemia Do Covid-19 No Brasil","volume":"11","author":"da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Literat"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1424342\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:07:46Z","timestamp":1742368066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1424342\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1424342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1424342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"article-number":"1424342"}}