{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1791389925350,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resilience measures generally are not health specific, nor do they account for the multiple dimensions required for individuals to overcome health challenges. To bridge this gap, we developed and validated a multi-dimensional Health Resilience Scale (HRS) for community-dwelling adults in Singapore.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We followed standard procedures to develop health resilience construct, identify dimensions, and generate potential items. Expert review and cognitive interviews were conducted to assess content validity and item clarity. The refined 35-item HRS was administered to 650 eligible community-dwelling adults in a cross-sectional survey, along with validation measures, to assess construct validity (including factorial, concurrent, convergent, and divergent validity) and internal consistency reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors with 22 items, each factor containing 3 to 5 items. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure with good model fit. The five factors identified in the analysis were conceptualised as the following dimensions of the HRS: \u201cHealth mindset,\u201d \u201cPerceived health access,\u201d \u201cSocial resourcefulness,\u201d \u201cRelational support,\u201d and \u201cAdaptive adjustment.\u201d The dimensions of \u201cHealth mindset,\u201d \u201cPerceived health access,\u201d and \u201cAdaptive adjustment\u201d exhibited moderate and positive correlations with psychological resilience (concurrent validity) as well as hope and self-efficacy (convergent validity). All dimensions had weak or no correlation with maladaptive coping, depression, and anxiety measures (divergent validity). Individuals with better health status scored higher, while those with recent health adversity scored lower on the HRS, confirming divergent validity. Internal consistency reliability was confirmed with Cronbach\u2019s alpha exceeding 0.80 for the total scale and ranging from 0.73 to 0.88 for individual dimensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 22-item multi-dimensional HRS demonstrated good reliability and validity, making it an effective tool for assessing health resilience and guiding initiatives aimed to enhance well-being among community members.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1452738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:10:01Z","timestamp":1739383801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and validation of the multi-dimensional health resilience scale for community-dwelling adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lixia","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Fen","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Siang Seng","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon-Ho R.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy Hau Yan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evon Yiwen","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolly","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Yi Onn","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pann Pei","family":"Chieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woan Shin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":""},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121448","article-title":"Forging a frailty-ready healthcare system to meet population ageing","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.048","article-title":"Resilience and big five personality traits: a meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Oshio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2016.02.014","article-title":"The impact of resilience among older adults","volume":"37","author":"MacLeod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","article-title":"The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X14001459","article-title":"The importance of not only individual, but also community and society factors in resilience in later life","volume":"38","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x","article-title":"The social ecology of resilience: addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct","volume":"81","author":"Ungar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259810000420","article-title":"What is resilience? 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