{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:51:04Z","timestamp":1768711864001,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longer life expectancy can lead to a longer working life and is therefore important for the individual and the healthcare system. Therefore, a study group established a Risk-Index Disability-Pension (RI-DP), which assesses the risk of work disability. However, a standardized and well-founded preventive health examination does not yet exist in Germany. Hence, we developed a preventive health examination conducted by physicians and compared it with a questionnaire survey to examine its differences and results in relation to the need for prevention and rehabilitation, taking into consideration the RI-DP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective cross-sectional study, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f1,040 participants (45\u201359\u202fyears) took part in a preventive health examination at the Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin\/Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Germany. A questionnaire survey and preventive health examination, including anthropometric measures, anamnesis, cardiovascular examinations, and blood samples, were conducted independently to determine the need for prevention and rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age was 52.93 (sd\u202f=\u202f4.17) years, and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f631 (61%) were men. The questionnaire assessed <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f733 (70%) participants as needing no additional action (green), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f215 (21%) as needing a prevention program (yellow), and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f91 (9%) as needing a rehabilitation program (red). In contrast, physicians assessed <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f141 (14%) as \u2018green\u2019, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f717 (69%) as \u2018yellow\u2019, and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f181 (17%) as \u2018red\u2019, revealing substantial discrepancies, especially in preventive needs. The leading associations of individual factors on physicians\u2019 evaluation were BMI [OR 1.135 (1.094; 1.178)], SBP [OR 1.099 (1.009; 1.197)], smoking status [OR 1.691 (1.212; 2.366)], depressive moods [OR 2.254 (1.565; 3.254)] and physical activity 1-2\u202fh\/week [OR 0.618 (0.436; 0.874)], and on the questionnaire: gender male [OR 1.790 (1.057; 3.046)], and depressive moods (OR 4.506 [3.216; 6.322]). This underlines the complementary nature of the two approaches in evaluating health interventions. According to the RI-DP, the participants had the following risk of early retirement: low-risk <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f540 (52%), medium-risk <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f307 (30%), and high-risk <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f193 (19%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results emphasize the need for combining questionnaire surveys with preventive health examinations to assess health needs comprehensively. Notably, the preventive health examination suggests higher prevention needs compared to the questionnaire, indicating that the questionnaire may not fully capture clinical prevention needs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/de\/trial\/DRKS00030982<\/jats:uri>, identifier DRKS00030982.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1480312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1752644352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of a validated questionnaire to assess the need for prevention or rehabilitation by preventive health examinations: a cross-sectional study of German employees aged 45 to 59\u202fyears (\u00dc45-check)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Kalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilman J.","family":"Pulst Caliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Grei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Karathanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Hafermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"V\u00f6lkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charleen","family":"P\u00e4chter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja A.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Wolfarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0493","article-title":"District-level life expectancy in Germany","volume":"117","author":"Rau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12475","article-title":"Regulating the retirement age\u2014lessons from Nordic pension policy approaches","volume":"17","author":"von Nordheim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regul Governance"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190120","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20192019120","article-title":"Rehabilitation: a rising demand that calls for action","volume":"32","author":"Goulart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701688078","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting demand for rehabilitation services in Ontario, Canada: a health-policy perspective","volume":"30","author":"Landry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000753","article-title":"Strengthening health systems to provide rehabilitation services","volume":"96","author":"Krug","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02058.x","article-title":"Functional improvement of the Australian health care system - can rehabilitation assist?","volume":"189","author":"New","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Bildung auf einen Blick 2017: OECD-Indikatoren","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Sechstes Buch (VI) - Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung","author":"Bd","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Germany","year":""},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/216507991105900703","article-title":"Efficiency of workplace surveys conducted by Finnish occupational health services","volume":"59","author":"Savinainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-011-1366-2","article-title":"Risk index disability pension (RI-DP). 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