{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:53:03Z","timestamp":1787961183569,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dermatological problems are among the leading causes of hospital visits in Ethiopia. Extemporaneous compounded products are currently used by many patients with different disorders. The aim of the study was to evaluate the most commonly prescribed extemporaneously compounded products compounding practice and applicability of compounding guidelines at five randomly selected hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hospital-based multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by retrospectively analyzing prescription records for dermatological compounding from January to April 2023. A total of 423 prescriptions from hospital pharmacies were systematically selected. Data related to skin condition patterns, product selection, and dosage form types were extracted using a semi-structured data extraction tool and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 at a significance level of 5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 423 prescriptions containing dermatological products for compounding were analyzed. Most patients were female (82.1%) and aged 30\u201364\u202fyears (46.3%). Melasma (82.9%), acne vulgaris (68.6%), acute dermatitis (63.27%), and Rosacea (61.54%) were the four top dermatological diseases for which compounding preparations were prescribed. More than half of the prescriptions (56.26%) contained a combination of two drugs. Most compounded dosage form was semisolid preparations (95.98%), while the remaining 17 (4.02%) were liquids. Salicylic acid (35.39%) was the most frequently prescribed active ingredient, followed by Clobetasone (13.03%) and Betamethasone (10.01%). Vaseline (47.62%) and Nivea cream (44.3%) were the most commonly used excipients for compound preparations. Hydroquinone (4%) with Nivea cream (30gm) (17.0%), followed by salicylic acid (5%)\u202f+\u202fBetamethasone (75\u202fg)\u202f+\u202fVaseline (20\u202fg) (10.6%) were the most commonly prescribed dermatological formulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dermatological disease is more prevalent in the study area. and extemporaneous compounding is a common element of pharmaceutical care. Extemporaneous and topical semisolid preparations containing two or more active ingredients are the most widely compounded and prescribed products. This study suggests the application of good manufacturing practices and componding guidelines for extemporaneous compounding of dermatological formulations to ensure efficacy, quality, and safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1486936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T01:42:57Z","timestamp":1748569377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extemporaneous dermatological compounding in hospital pharmacies, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ephrem Mebratu","family":"Dagnew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi Kibret","family":"Sendekie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wondale","family":"Tsega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biset Asrade","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melese","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.446","article-title":"The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions","volume":"134","author":"Hay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.25251\/skin.5.2.7","article-title":"The global burden of skin and subcutaneous disease: A longitudinal analysis from the global burden of disease study from 1990-2017","volume":"5","author":"Giesey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ski J Cutan Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19704","article-title":"Putting the burden of skin diseases on the global map","volume":"184","author":"Flohr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-017-0192-7","article-title":"Global burden of skin disease: inequities and innovations","volume":"6","author":"Seth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Dermatol Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/IPRP.S346395","article-title":"Prescribing pattern of dermatological compounding in Ethiopia: the case of ALERT hospital","volume":"11","author":"Selam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"712","article-title":"Psychosocial effect of common skin diseases","volume":"48","author":"Barankin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-020-00814-3","article-title":"Pharmaceutical compounding: a history, regulatory overview, and systematic review of compounding errors","volume":"17","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.18231\/2456-9542.2018.0028","article-title":"Extemporaneous compounding: cautions, controversies and convenience","volume":"3","author":"Mohiuddin A","year":"2020","journal-title":"IP Int J Compr Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.07.010","article-title":"Regulatory framework of pharmaceutical compounding and actual developments of legislation in Europe","volume":"117","author":"Minghetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/jphs.12297","article-title":"Extent of extemporaneous compounding and pattern of prescribing and use of extemporaneous medicines in a developing setting","volume":"10","author":"Yusuff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharm Heal Serv Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7156\/najms.2017.1003116","article-title":"Compounded topical medications for diseases of the skin: A long tradition still relevant today","volume":"10","author":"Helm","year":"2017","journal-title":"North Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"A practical guide to contemporary pharmacy practice and compounding","author":"Elder","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"The art, science, and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding","author":"Allen","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"National guideline for compounding of dermatological preparations","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S300906","article-title":"Extemporaneous compounding practice for dermatologic preparations in Ethiopian public hospitals: regulatory requirements and quality concerns","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03668.x","article-title":"Gender aspects in skin diseases","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063","article-title":"Melasma: A clinical and epidemiological review","volume":"89","author":"Handel","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00779-x","article-title":"Update on Melasma\u2014part I: pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Esp\u00f3sito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"62","article-title":"Acne vulgaris in an undergraduate population in Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Ayanlowo","year":"2020","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"132","article-title":"A study on drug prescribing pattern and use of corticosteroids in dermatological conditions at a tertiary care teaching hospital","volume":"9","author":"Ashok Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13664","article-title":"Female type of adult acne: physiological and psychological considerations and management","volume":"16","author":"Dreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDDG-J Ger Soc Dermatology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00583.x","article-title":"Extemporaneous (magistral) preparation of oral medicines for children in European hospitals","volume":"92","author":"Brion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.06.045","article-title":"The prevalence of acne in adults 20 years and older","volume":"58","author":"Collier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extemporaneous compounding in a sample of New Zealand hospitals: a retrospective survey","volume":"120","author":"Kairuz","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2013.775154","article-title":"Why is mannitol becoming more and more popular as a pharmaceutical excipient in solid dosage forms?","volume":"19","author":"Ohrem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2012.08.067","article-title":"Compounding prescription patterns: factors influencing the physicians to prescribe compounded medicines for pediatric outpatients","volume":"8","author":"Wiedyaningsih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Soc Adm Pharm"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/jppr2002324310","article-title":"Extemporaneous prescribing: whatever happened to it? A survey of australian general practitioners","volume":"32","author":"Pappas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2015.4282","article-title":"Investigating extemporaneous compounding practices in the Polokwane tertiary hospital pharmacies in South Africa\u2014a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Euphenia","year":"2015","journal-title":"African J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4314\/epj.v32i2.7","article-title":"Assessment of non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding practices in selected community and hospital pharmacies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"Seid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiop Pharm J"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685055","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1486936\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T13:25:09Z","timestamp":1757078709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1486936\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1486936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1486936","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685055","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"article-number":"1486936"}}